IV. Модальные глаголы

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Can

Глагол can имеет значение мочь, обладать физической или умственной способностью: can (настоящее время) могу, может, можем; could (прошедшее время) мог, могла, могли и т.д.. Even a child can lift it. – Даже ребенок может поднять это.

Сочетание to be able быть в состоянии с последующим инфинитивом с частицей to является эквивалентом глагола can и восполняет его недостающие формы:

We shall be able to do it only tomorrow. – Мы сможем сделать это только

завтра

May

Глагол may имеет значения разрешения и возможности: may ( настоящее время) могу, может, можем и т.д.; might (прошедшее время) мог, могли и т.д. Например:

May I come in? – Можно мне войти? He may be at home. – Он, может быть, дома.

Сочетания to be allowed и to be permitted с последующим инфинитивом с частицей to являются эквивалентом глагола may и восполняют его недостающие формы в значении мочь, иметь разрешение.

He was allowed to come in. – Ему разрешили войти.

Must

Глагол must выражает необходимость, моральную обязанность и соответствует в русском языке словам должен, нужно, надо. Глагол must имеет только одну форму настоящего времени: You must do it yourself. – Ты должен сделать это сам.

Глагол must может также выражать предположение должно быть: It must be cold outside. – На улице должно быть холодно.

Наряду с глаголом must и взамен его недостающих форм употребляются эквиваленты to have (должен в силу обстоятельств, вынужден) и to be (должен в силу запланированности, намеченности действия), следующий за ним инфинитив употребляется с частицей to:

It was raining heavily and we had to stay at home. He is to take his exam in June.

Шел сильный дождь, и мы должны были остаться дома. Он должен сдавать экзамен в июне.

V. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle) и Participle II (Past Participle) в функциях определения и обстоятельства.

Причастие (The Participle)

Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая обладает свойствами глагола, прилагательного и наречия и соответствует в русском языке причастию и деепричастию.

Формы причастий

	Participle I	Participle II	Perfect Participle
Active	writing пишущий	__	having written написав
Passive	being written пишущийся	written написанный	having been written после того, как написали

Participle I образуется путем прибавления окончания –ing к основе глагола: to speak - speak ing, to begin - beginni ng.

Participle II правильных глаголов образуется путем добавления окончания -ed к основе глагола: to ask – ask ed, to train – train ed.

Participle II неправильных глаголов образуется особыми способами – это третья форма неправильных глаголов: to give – given, to build – built.

Perfect Participle Active и Passive образуются с помощью вспомогательных глаголов to be или to have и Participle II смыслового глагола: being developed; having been developed.

Причастие выполняет в предложении функции определения, обстоятельства.

1. Причастие в функции определения. В этом случае Participle I обычно переводится на русский язык причастием действительного залога настоящего или прошедшего времени, оканчивающимся на – ущий, -ющий, -ящий, -вший:

The man waiting for you has come Человек, ожидающий вас, при-

from Moscow. был из Москвы.

The man waiting for you asked Человек, ждавший вас, спраши-

for your telephone number. вал ваш номер телефона.

Сложная форма Participle I страдательного залога в функции определения может переводиться также придаточным определительным предложением:

The house being built in this street Дом, который строится (строя-

now will be a new library. щийся) сейчас на этой улице,

будет новой библиотекой.

Participle II в функции определения переводится на русский язык страдательным причастием настоящего или прошедшего времени или придаточным определительным предложением, оканчивающимся на –емый, имый, -нный:

The problems discussed at the con- Проблемы, обсуждаемые на

ference are interesting. конференции интересны.

2. Причастие в функции обстоятельства. В этом случае причастие может выполнять функцию обстоятельства времени, причины, условия и т.д. В этой функции причастию могут предшествовать союзы when, while, if, unless, once, though и т.д.

While reading this book I met many new facts.	Читая эту книгу, я встретил много новых фактов.
When crossing the street, first look to the left.	Когда переходите улицу, поcмотрите сначала налево.
Being heated magnetized materials lose their magnetism Having finished the test he put down the results.	Если нагревать намагниченные материалы, они размагничиваются. Закончив испытание, он записал результаты.
The motor gets overheated, unless cooled.	Мотор перегревается, если его не охлаждать.

ВАРИАНТ 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The teacher points at the blackboard when he wants to explain something.

2. Computers and lasers are being widely introduced at plants and factories.

3. Great changes in people’s lives and work were brought about by the scientific and technological progress.

4. The electronic industry produces several types of minicomputers.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. This instrument is a key tool of the atomic age and is used for studying radioactivity.

2. Bad weather conditions make pilots switch over to automatic control.

3. Joint efforts of people throughout the world make it possible to achieve some progress in environment protection.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The Americans say that in the USA the buildings are taller, the cigars are longer, the cars are bigger and the girls are prettier than anywhere in the world.

2. If you make half-hour breaks while getting ready for your exams your brain will work much more efficiently.

3. The sooner you take your medicine the better you will feel.

4. This room is not so comfortable as that one on the first floor.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных местоимений.

1. We didn’t have any time to discuss his new invention.

2. There is future for microelectronics in automobiles.

3. You should take any bus that goes from here towards the railway station and get off at the third stop.

4. Some students have come, the rest are still taking their exams.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (В) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

А) 1. If Martin does not win, it will be the end of his sport career.

2. He liked music, but the piece she was playing had no melody for him.

3. It is the development of robots that will solve some very difficult problems of industry.

4. While Jack was sitting biting his nails, we were working out a plan to cover up our traces.

B) 1. Thousands of messages from all parts of the body are sent to and from the brain.

2. Some students will be permitted to take exams in December.

3. He was not expected to say that.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I, Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Students interested in computer engineering enter technological institutes.

2. She didn’t pay any attention to the ringing telephone.

3. Deeply shocked I left him.

4. An article discussing the new system of school education appeared in all newspapers.

VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. As telegraph wires couldn’t be hung over the ocean, cables had to be laid on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.

2. Judges must be free of any political bias.

3. The development of new materials doesn’t mean that old materials should lose their significance.

4. They were allowed to continue their research.

5. Cactus plants needn’t much water. That’s why they can grow in the dry desert.

6. He will be free tomorrow and he will be able to help you.

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык.

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The United States of America, commonly called the United States or simply America, is a federal republic comprising 50 states and the District of Columbia. The total area is 9.4 mln. sq. km. The United States today hold the leading position in the capitalist world. The USA is situated in the southern part of North America and is washed by the Atlantic ocean in the east and the Pacific ocean in the west. The Atlantic Ocean is of great importance to the USA for its sea communications with Europe, Africa and South America. The largest ports are on the Atlantic Coast.

The Americans are really a nation of nations, and the USA is the country where all principal languages are spoken. The United States of America is a federation of states which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city. The Federal Government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial, and these three branches are represented respectively by Congress, the President and the Supreme Court. In other words, all legislative powers are vested in a Congress of the United States, which consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The executive power is vested in a President, who holds office for 4 years.

The USA has large reserves of all the more widely used minerals except tin. The country produces enough of some minerals to meet all its own needs and to ship to other counties as well. The American West occupies 40 per cent of US territory and has 17 per cent of the population, produces 14 per cent of crude oil, and 10 per cent of natural gas. It ranks first in the production of uranium, nickel, copper and molybdenum ores. Half of working population of the USA is employed in the sphere of industry and half in services. Dining halls, cafeterias, restaurants and other units offer daily 160 mln dishes or 20 per cent of all the food produced in the USA. Agriculture is one of the most important fields of economy tightly bound with industry, trade and the services within the framework of the agro-industrial complex.

At present the Union comprises 50 states administratively united by the Federal Government in Washington. Its only industry is a government. As the nation’s capital and a seat of the Federal Government, it is the heart of the country.

ВАРИАНТ 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s-, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. He spends all his money on books.

2. Our lecturer’s book on strength of materials is well-known and popular.

3. The important feature of our education is that it combines theory with practical training.

4. Before Faraday’s inventions the only source of electricity was the galvanic battery.

1. This research instrument is used for accelerating particles.

2. The space flight of Gagarin caused a sensation throughout the world.

3. A Japanese company is planning to install several more electronic devices on the car instrument panel.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. You should practice more often if you want to improve your language.

2. This exercise is easier than the next one.

3. The most environmentally-friendly way of solving traffic problems is to use more widely public transportation.

4. The more attention you pay to your children’s education, the better results they achieve.

1. There are no students in the library.

2. Some institutes of technology are reorganized into universities.

3. Do you need any books to prepare for your report?

4. People no longer think of radio and television as something fantastic.

A) 1. The brain controls your body and keeps all parts of your body working together.

2. When I awoke this morning it was so late that the sun was shining high in the sky.

3. And now the trade of this town is developing with extreme rapidity and the ambition of the inhabitants is growing along with it.

4. She will have dinner here if she comes tomorrow.

B) 1. When centers receive messages, the brain interprets them.

2. Considerable damage was caused by the fire.

3. A new highway is being built between Germany and the Netherlands.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I, Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. My room is in a mess: I really must get it tidied up.

2. Scientists are experimenting with a system allowing drivers to see better after dark.

3. When answering your question yesterday I forgot this fact.

4. The attention paid to the study of fundamental subjects is great.

1. We must protect the clean water that remains for the sake of our children and grandchildren.

2. Fire may be started by rubbing together two sticks of wood.

3. If you are traveling by air, you mustn’t carry anything in your luggage that could be used as a weapon, such as a knife or a pair of scissors.

4. Jack has already cleaned his bicycle so he won’t have to do it tomorrow.

5. Before Newton no one could explain why the planets moved around the Sun.

6. An optional disk can store about 1 000 times more information than a plastic disk of the same size.

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык.

SCOTLAND

Today Scotland is part of the United Kingdom and is governed from London. There is a special minister in the Government, the Secretary of State for Scotland, who is responsible for education, local government and other important matters in Scotland. Although the legal education and banking systems are slightly different from those in England, life is very similar to the rest of the United Kingdom.

Comprising an area of some 30 000 square miles Scotland has a population of just over five million people of whom about one third live in the cities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Dundee. All the inhabitants speak English although about 100 000 still speak Scottish Gaelic. Many of the Scottish accents are very strong and visitors from abroad sometimes have difficulties in understanding them.

Scotland is a very mountainous country; three-fourth of its area is occupied by mountains with a great amount of moorland, in which few people live. Scotland is famous for its beautiful lakes with mountains round them.

Scottish steel has long been used chiefly by the heavy industries of Glasgow area, where shipbuilding has been paramount.

People who live in Scotland are Scots. They are also called Scottish or Scotsmen. Scotsmen will be rather annoyed if you call them Englishmen. Every Scotsman belongs to a clan. A clan is a family group: all the people of the same family belong to the same clan. There are about 300 different clans in Scotland. A Scotsman’s traditional clothes are socks, shoes, a kilt, a tie, a jacket and a bonnet. Some people in the north of Scotland wear a kilt every day. But in other parts of the country most Scottish people wear just the same clothes as the English. Scottish people like to dance very much. Glasgow has more dancing schools than any other European city.

The Scottish people have a reputation according to which they are the stingiest people in on earth. This is not true, of course, as anyone who visited Scotland will tell you. The Scottish people are very clever and simple, and they also have a natural sense of humor.

ВАРИАНТ 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. Electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.

2. The aim of today’s foreign policy is that peace in the world should be permanent.

3. This poet’s parents died when he was only four years old.

4. He will ring me up as soon as he buys books for me.

1. Nowadays the principle of radio operation seems quite simple.

2. Scientists believe new laser devices will be widely used in medicine.

3. The information system coordinates a distribution network

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. That painting is less impressive than the one in your living room.

2. It is true that the most skyscrapers are taller than buildings in the UK, but the British think their stately homes are older and more beautiful than anything in the USA.

3. Einstein is one of the most intelligent scientists who ever lived.

4. The more automobiles appear in the streets, the worse the air in the cities is.

1. Some specialists expect that a photon can greatly increase the operation of a computer.

2. Any museum in London is of great interest to us.

3. Tsarist Russia didn’t give any money for Tsiolkovsky’s research.

4. No student of this group was in Great Britain.

А)1. In our climate the vine doesn’t grow out-of-doors, as it does in countries with a hotter summer, and hothouse grapes is very expensive.

2. I noticed a number of improvements done in this town since I last was there.

3. The students were having an interesting discussion when the teacher came in.

4. If I see the manager tomorrow, I shall remind him of that important point.

B)1. Many new and very interesting projects were planned for orbital stations.

2. The new exhibition of this artist is being visited actively.

3. This program will be broadcasted again tomorrow night.

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения. Подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола - сказуемого; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. The man delivering this lecture is our professor on mathematics.

2. A line seen through this crystal looks double.

3. He saw some people in the post-office sending telegrams.

4. Driving a car a man tries to keep steady speed and watch the car in front of him.

1. If you borrow money from the bank you must pay interest.

2. It is quite clear to everybody in his family that he should start getting ready for his examinations.

3. He will have to work systematically if he wants to know French well.

4. Not long ago chemists developed new materials that could withstand high temperatures.

5. Children were allowed to go to the cinema alone.

6. You must have a dictionary when you translate such difficult articles.

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык.

GREAT BRITAIN

The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The total area is about 121 600 square miles. The largest islands are Great Britain proper (England, Scotland and Wales) and Ireland (Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic). Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel which in its narrowest part is only 33 km wide. Britain has a generally mild and temperate climate. All over the world Britain was notorious for its fogs. The smoke-fogs of the big towns usually in winter time, were exceedingly unpleasant, unhealthy and dangerous to movement, but now the situation is much better.

The United Kingdom is a monarchy. The Monarchy is the most ancient secular institution in the United Kingdom. Queen Elisabeth II is a descendant of the Saxon king, Egbert. She acts only on the advice of her ministers. She reigns, but she does not rule. The Crown is the second biggest landowner in Britain. The Queen is the third richest woman in the world. Parliament is the supreme legislative authority in the United Kingdom. It consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons. They are constituted on different principles, do different work in different places and meet only on occasions of symbolic significance such as the coronation and the opening of Parliament.

English people tend to be rather conservative - a little more so, perhaps, than most others. The conservative attitude consists of an acceptance of things which are familiar, and an important aspect of it is an inclination to be suspicious of anything that is strange or foreign. Conservatism on a national scale may be illustrated by reference to the public attitude to the monarchy. Apart from conservatism on a grand scale England is full of small-scale conservatisms: methods of cooking, the business of heating houses in which most English people remain strongly attached to the open fire.

England is highly industrialized and was the country in which the earliest developments of modern industry took place. Many of the great inventions which were the foundation of modern industrial processes are made by Englishmen or Scotsmen. The original basis of British industry was coal mining. Nearly all English people live in towns, big or small.

ВАРИАНТ 4

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s-, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. It became clear that television had a great influence on people’s life.

2. She promises to give me this novel for a couple of days as soon as she reads it.

3. Mathematics, strength of materials, mechanics, elements of machines as well as engineering physics are studied at technological institutes.

4. Usually a lab assistant shows the equipment to the students.

1. We know he works at the problem of space communication.

2. If you make even a smallest mistake in computer language the talk breaks down and you must go to the beginning.

3. The Reading Room of the Library of Congress houses a great collection of reference books.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Buses require fewer parking lots, make less noise and use less road space per passenger than private cars.

2. The more effective is the technology, the quicker is the development of this country.

3. If you want to find your way around the city more easily you should buy the map of it.

4. She is not as easy to get on with as her sister.

1. This is an article that deals with some environmental problems.

2. Are there any pictures in your book?

3. There are no people in the park because it is cold.

4. By means of satellites we can communicate with any country of the world.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол- сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (B) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

А) 1. We thought that you were going to show your project to the teacher.

2. We shall discuss the results when we finish our experiments.

3. She had left before the letter arrived.

4. The children were playing in the garden while we were watching TV.

B) 1. The conference we are planning to hold next month will be attended by many foreign scientists.

2. What questions were you asked?

3. The letter is not ready yet. It is still being translated into English.

1. Introducing new words the teacher explains their meanings.

2. The two rivers were connected with each other by means of a canal.

3. Organic chemistry is the science dealing with carbon compounds.

4. The students examined last week got good marks.

VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; предложения переведите на русский язык.

1. They had to stay at home because it was raining.

2. If we are allowed we shall take some exams in advance.

3. The experiments are to clarify this point of view.

4. He must ring you up.

5. I won’t be able to help you.

6. You can get all the necessary books in the library.

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык.

WALES

Wales is a country of hills and mountains, the highest of which are in Snowdonia in the northwest; the tallest peak is Snowdon. Two-thirds of the population lives in the southern valleys and the lower-lying coastal areas. The chief urban centers are Cardiff, Swansea, Newport and Wrexham. Wales is a principality; prince Charles, the heir to the throne, was invested by the Queen with the title of Prince of Wales at Caernarfon Castle in 1969.

Latest figures suggest that about one-fifth of the population speaks Welsh, a language of Celtic origin. Welsh speakers are concentrated in the rural north and west. The Welsh name of the country is Cymru. Welsh has equal validity with English in law courts, bilingual education in schools is encouraged, and there has been an extended use of Welsh for official purposes and broadcasting.

The country returns 38 Members of Parliament and there are special arrangements for the discussion on Welsh affairs. For the last 60 years the industrial communities have tended to support the Labor Party in elections, ensuring a Labor majority of seats. The Secretary of State for Wales, who is the member of the Cabinet, has wide-ranging responsibilities relating to the economy, education, welfare services and the provision of amenities. The Headquarters of the administration is the Welsh Office in Cardiff, which also has an office in London. Local government is exercised through a system of elected authorities similar to that in England, and the legal system is identical to the English one.

Wales produces about 10 per cent of British opencast coal production, including all of its anthracite. Although Wales still accounts for 31 per cent of British steel production, it is now an important center for electronics, and several new high-technology businesses in related industries have been established. Although south Wales remains the principal industrial area, new industries and firms have been introduced in northeast Wales and light industry attracted to the towns in mid and north Wales rural areas.

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s, и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Simple;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного или

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The lands of this farm are not far from Moscow.

2. This plane lands here every Monday.

3. He wrote an article about this engineer’s invention.

4. Their Institute houses both physical and chemistry laboratories.

1. This engineer is one of the best oil experts in oil industry.

2. From the very beginning many students start independent work in students’ scientific societies.

3. A lot of foreign visitors came to Moscow to see the Victory Day Celebrations.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Read this text as quickly as possible.

2. The more you work, the better you know English.

3. Modern houses are much more comfortable than the old ones.

4. They discussed one of the most important problems of cybernetics.

1. Are there any students in the reading-room?

2. There are not any plants in our town.

3. There is no bread on the plate.

4. There are some courses for beginners at the University.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (B) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций.

А) 1. What magazine were you looking through when I came in?

2. She said she had graduated from the University a few years ago.

3. He gave the right answer to the question and received an excellent mark.

4. The curricular of correspondence, evening and full - time higher schools do not differ essentially in the subjects taught, but they differ in the system in which the studies are organized.

B) 1. The goods have been examined by the customs officers.

2. The steamer will be unloaded when the agent arrives at the port.

3. They are paid twice a month.

1. At our University there are several subjects studied optionally.

2. Students taking exams next week should come to the dean’s office.

3. Listening to the lecture students usually make notes.

4. While crossing the bridge, we saw him talking with an old man.

VII. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент; переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Can you translate this agreement into French?

2. They will be able to create the necessary conditions for the development of their enterprise.

3. He asked me whether he might take my dictionary.

4. She will be allowed to tell you about it herself.

5. He had to ring you up.

6. The old methods of teaching English are to be renewed.

VIII. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык.

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Читайте в этой же книге: ВВЕДЕНИЕ | Методические указания по выполнению заданий к контрольным работам студентов заочной формы обучения | КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1 | D)Указательные местоимения имеют отдельные формы для единственного числа – this этот, эта, that тот, та, то – и множественного числа – these эти, those те. | A) глагол to be | VII. Условные предложения трех типов. | HARVARD UNIVERSITY |

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