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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003
Germany 1.6 3.4 6.6 8.8 12.8 18.2 19.3
CEPI 10.5 20.5 36.7 40.7 63.1 90.8 95.2
USA 22.1 31.3 47.6 56.8 72.2 85.8 80.2
World 43.8 74.4 129.3 171.7 240.8 324.0 338.8
Handbook of Pulp. Edited by Herbert Sixta
Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 3-527-30999-3
in 1950, about 50% of the global paper production was produced. This proportion
decreased until 2002 to 25% and becomes also expressed in the lowest average
annual growth rate between 1950 and 2002 in this comparison of: 2.5% for USA;
4.0% worldwide; 4.2% for the CEPI countries; and 4.8% for Germany.
Compared with the situation today, the recycling of used paper products manufactured
from woodpulp fibers was of little importance during the first half of the
twentieth century. During the 1950s and 1960s, increasing use was made of
recycled fiber furnish, especially for the production of packaging paper and board.
International statistics related to the use of recovered paper published in the official
yearbooks of the German association of the paper industry (VDP) stated first
in 1979 international data for the utilization of recovered paper. In 1963, the
annual review of PPI (Pulp &P aper International) published earlier international
data on recovered paper for the year 1961 [7]. Figure 1.1 illustrates the global increase
of recovered paper utilization and paper production between 1961 and 2002.
1961 1970 1980 1990 2002
Recovered paper utilization
Paper production
Recovered paper utilization and paper production, 106 tons
37.1 %
Recovered paper utilization rate
19.3 % 23.6 % 29.6 % 47.7 %
Fig. 1.1 Global development of recovered paper utilization
and paper production between 1961 and 2002 [1–4,7].
In Fig. 1.2, the development of recovered paper utilization and paper production
is split into the USA, the CEPI countries, and Germany. It is clear that since 1990,
the use of recovered paper has increased over-proportionally, with average annual
growth rates between 1961 and 2002 for recovered paper use as 3.3% for the USA,
5.8% for Germany and worldwide, and 5.9% for the CEPI countries.
These higher values compared to paper production imply an increasing relevance
of recovered paper in the selected regions.
1150 1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1961 1970 1980 1990 2002
Recovered paper utilization and paper production, 106 tons
Recovered paper utilization
Paper production
Germany
CEPI
CEPI
USA
USA
Fig. 1.2 Development of recovered paper utilization
and paper production in the USA, the CEPI countries,
and Germany between 1961 and 2002 [1–4,7].
Recovered paper use is most attractive in densely populated regions with a high
paper consumption per capita, where the so-called “urban forest” growth occurs.
The region must also have a paper industry with sufficient technology and a long
tradition in recycled fiber processing. The most prominent regions are Japan and
Europe outside Scandinavia. Recovered paper is not the only material increasingly
collected and reused in developed countries. National recycling management,
enforced by legal measures, encourages the population to collect metal, glass, and
plastics also. Consumers in many countries participate in recycling; in this way
they are involved as consumers of commodities while producing secondary raw
materials for reuse.
Cost competition and the legal requirements in many countries primarily promote
the use of recovered paper. The impact of environmentalists through “green”
movements and the level of acceptance in the market of paper made from recycled
fibers are additional driving forces that vary by country. Recovered paper use is an
environmentally friendly issue according to the recycled fiber processing paper
industry, environmentalists, governmental authorities, and often even the marketplace.
It is accepted that recycling preserves forest resources and energy used for
production of mechanical pulps for paper manufacturing. Additionally, recovery
and recycling of used paper products avoids unnecessary landfilling.
The processing of recycled products requires relatively little fresh water per ton
of paper produced. However, the solid waste rejects and sludge (e.g., deinking
sludge) from recovered paper processing mills typically present a problem. The
rate of formation of such residues is between 5% and 40%, depending on the
recovered paper grade processed and the paper grade produced. The average rate
1 Introduction
of rejects and sludges totals about 15%, calculated on the recovered paper input
on an air-dried basis. Because landfilling of organic matter has no future in many
countries, most organic waste requires burning in order to reduce its volume.
Effective, clean incineration technologies are available that control flue gas emissions,
and the heat content of the residues and sludges contributes to self-supporting
incineration. The final waste (ashes) can either be discarded or used as raw
materials in other industries. An increasing volume of rejects and sludges can be
used in brick works, the cement industry, and for other purposes.
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