Country Year

III

Recovered Paper and Recycled Fibers

Hans-Joachim Putz

Handbook of Pulp. Edited by Herbert Sixta

Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim

ISBN: 3-527-30999-3

©2006 WILEY-VCHVerlag GmbH&Co.

Introduction

During the era before the introduction of industrialized paper production 200

years ago, the most common fiber furnish was secondary fibers recovered from

used textiles. These were rags based on hemp, linen, and cotton. Only after the

invention of mechanical woodpulp in 1843 and chemical woodpulp during the

second half of the nineteenth century was paper production no longer as reliant

on recycled material as in the previous 2000 years.

Before industrialized paper production and the invention of the paper machine

in 1799, stationery or writing paper made from rags was recycled to produce lowgrade

board. As early as 1774, Claproth in Gottingen, Germany, improved the processing

of used, hand-made writing papers. His process removed optically disturbing

inks or printing ink. Today, we call this method “deinking”.

With growing industrialization and gross national product, the global paper production

increased significantly from almost 44 million tons in 1950 to 339 million

tons in 2003. The data in Tab. 1.1 indicate that between 1960 and 2000, for a doubling

of the paper production worldwide, in the CEPI countries (all EU countries

plus Czech Republic, Hungary, Norway, Slovak Republic, and Switzerland) or in

Germany, an approximate period of 20 years was necessary, whereas between

1950 and 1960 only a 10-year period was required for the first doubling of paper

production. In all of these time periods no doubling appeared in the USA where,

Tab. 1.1 Development of paper production between 1950 and 2003, in million tons [1–6].

Country Year

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003

Germany 1.6 3.4 6.6 8.8 12.8 18.2 19.3

CEPI 10.5 20.5 36.7 40.7 63.1 90.8 95.2

USA 22.1 31.3 47.6 56.8 72.2 85.8 80.2

World 43.8 74.4 129.3 171.7 240.8 324.0 338.8

Handbook of Pulp. Edited by Herbert Sixta

Copyright © 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim

ISBN: 3-527-30999-3

in 1950, about 50% of the global paper production was produced. This proportion

decreased until 2002 to 25% and becomes also expressed in the lowest average

annual growth rate between 1950 and 2002 in this comparison of: 2.5% for USA;

4.0% worldwide; 4.2% for the CEPI countries; and 4.8% for Germany.

Compared with the situation today, the recycling of used paper products manufactured

from woodpulp fibers was of little importance during the first half of the

twentieth century. During the 1950s and 1960s, increasing use was made of

recycled fiber furnish, especially for the production of packaging paper and board.

International statistics related to the use of recovered paper published in the official

yearbooks of the German association of the paper industry (VDP) stated first

in 1979 international data for the utilization of recovered paper. In 1963, the

annual review of PPI (Pulp &P aper International) published earlier international

data on recovered paper for the year 1961 [7]. Figure 1.1 illustrates the global increase

of recovered paper utilization and paper production between 1961 and 2002.

Fig. 1.1 Global development of recovered paper utilization

and paper production between 1961 and 2002 [1–4,7].

In Fig. 1.2, the development of recovered paper utilization and paper production

is split into the USA, the CEPI countries, and Germany. It is clear that since 1990,

the use of recovered paper has increased over-proportionally, with average annual

growth rates between 1961 and 2002 for recovered paper use as 3.3% for the USA,

5.8% for Germany and worldwide, and 5.9% for the CEPI countries.

These higher values compared to paper production imply an increasing relevance

of recoveredThese higher values compared to paper production imply an increasing relevance

of recovered paper in the selected regions.

Fig. 1.2 Development of recovered paper utilization

and paper production in the USA, the CEPI countries,

and Germany between 1961 and 2002 [1–4,7].

Recovered paper use is most attractive in densely populated regions with a high

paper consumption per capita, where the so-called “urban forest” growth occurs.

The region must also have a paper industry with sufficient technology and a long

tradition in recycled fiber processing. The most prominent regions are Japan and

Europe outside Scandinavia. Recovered paper is not the only material increasingly

collected and reused in developed countries. National recycling management,

enforced by legal measures, encourages the population to collect metal, glass, and

plastics also. Consumers in many countries participate in recycling; in this way

they are involved as consumers of commodities while producing secondary raw

materials for reuse.

Cost competition and the legal requirements in many countries primarily promote the use of recovered paper. The impact of environmentalists through “green” movements and the level of acceptance in the market of paper made from recycled fibers are additional driving forces that vary by country. Recovered paper use is an environmentally friendly issue according to the recycled fiber processing paper industry, environmentalists, governmental authorities, and often even the marketplace. It is accepted that recycling preserves forest resources and energy used for

production of mechanical pulps for paper manufacturing. Additionally, recovery

and recycling of used paper products avoids unnecessary landfilling.

The processing of recycled products requires relatively little fresh water per ton

of paper produced. However, the solid waste rejects and sludge (e.g., deinking

sludge) from recovered paper processing mills typically present a problem. The

rate of formation of such residues is between 5% and 40%, depending on the

recovered paper grade processed and the paper grade produced. The average rate

of rejects and sludges totals about 15%, calculated on the recovered paper input

on an air-dried basis. Because landfilling of organic matter has no future in many

countries, most organic waste requires burning in order to reduce its volume.

Effective, clean incineration technologies are available that control flue gas emissions,

and the heat content of the residues and sludges contributes to self-supporting

incineration. The final waste (ashes) can either be discarded or used as raw

materials in other industries. An increasing volume of rejects and sludges can be

used in brick works, the cement industry, and for other purposes.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-21