Make up situations using the English equivalents of the words given above. 25. Work in pairs and decide whether these statements are true or false:

25. Work in pairs and decide whether these statements are true or false:

1. Natural gas is found in oil fields and natural gas fields, and in greater quantities, coal beds.

2. Sources of biogas include mines, oil fields and oil wells.

3. Methane is an extremely efficient greenhouse gas which may contribute to enhanced global warming when free in the atmosphere.

4. Natural gas, when burned, produces much less carbon dioxide than more carbonaceous fuel sources, such as coal.

5. Organosulfur compounds and hydrogen sulfide are rather rare contaminants.

6. Natural gas is lighter than air, and so tends to dissipate into the explosion.

7. Liquefied natural gas carriers cannot transport natural gas directly to end-users.

8. Natural gas is often stored in underground caverns inside depleted gas reservoirs from previous gas wells, salt domes, or in tanks as liquefied natural gas.

26. Find in the text the situations in which the following words and word combinations are used:

methane; natural gas fields; biogas; global warming; is oxidized; organosulfur compounds; explosive limit; compressed natural gas; illegal; generate electricity

27. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

gaseous fossil fuel; organic material; swamp gas; marsh gas; landfill gas; anaerobic digesters; useful energy resource; to be tasteless and odorless; to be hazardous to life; liquefied natural gas; compressed natural gas; earth’s atmosphere; higher demand; volatile demands

Consult the TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READING and complete the information about the possible future sources of natural gas (Text 43). Be ready to discuss the information you have read.

29. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box:

collectively exist degrees associated produced reservoir raw processing

Natural gas 1 ___ begins at the wellhead. The composition of the 2 ___ natural gas extracted from producing wells depends on the type, depth and location of the underground deposit and the geology of the area. Oil and natural gas are often found in the same 3 ___. The natural gas 4 ___ from oil wells is generally classified as «associated-dissolved». It means that the natural gas is 5 ___ with or dissolved in crude oil. Most natural gas production contains to varying 6 ___ small hydrocarbon molecules in addition to methane. Although they 7 ___ in a gaseous state at underground pressures, these molecules will become liquid at normal atmospheric pressure. 8 ___, they are called condensates or natural gas liquids.

Check your answers on p. 280.

30. Work in pairs, make as many questions as possible to review the paragraph below and ask each other:

1. Many scientists believe that natural gas was created from fossil plants along with coal, as well as where there were large organic deposits that did not become coal, such as at the mouths of rivers. Some, however, have argued that methane, the principle component of gas, was created along with the earth’s crust. The study of fossils is called paleontology. The creation of natural gas is part of geology.

2. Most natural gas is processed very little to render it useable. Sometimes components called natural gas liquids, such as propane, are extracted from the gas before it is transported or delivered to the consumer. The local gas utility that delivers gas to customers is typically not the same as the pipeline company that collects the gas from the wells and brings the gas into the local area.

3. The chief deposits of «dry gas» (not associated with oil) are in Texas, Louisiana, Kansas, Oklahoma, Kentucky and West Virginia. Considering both «wet» and «dry» gas, the leading states are Texas, California, West Virginia, Louisiana, Kansas, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Ohio. Many other states have relatively large scattered supplies. So-called «proved reserves» in the US are around 160 trillion cubic feet of gas. As with oil, finding gas is the job principally of geologists and many of the same techniques are used, especially seismic studies. In fact, the discovery of gas is often a byproduct of the search for oil.

4. The history of natural gas extends to antiquity. In America it was known to the Indians, who observed it issuing from the ground in various spots, chiefly along the western side of the Appalacian Highlands. It was used for illuminating purposes in Fredonia, N.Y., as early as 1821 and the effect was so striking compared to gas made from coal that a German scientist hailed the beautuful, clear gas lights as the eighth wonder of the world. Gas associated with Pennsylvania oil was used for industrial purposes first in Pittsburgh, and its general use then spread to other industrial centers.

5. The most common method of obtaining petroleum is extracting it from oil wells found in oil fields. After the well has been located, various methods are used to recover the petroleum. Primary recovery methods are used to extract oil that is brought to the surface by underground pressure, and can generally recover about 20% of the oil present. After the oil pressure has depleted to the point that the oil is no longer brought to the surface, secondary recovery methods draw another 5 to 10% of the oil in the well to the surface. Finally, when secondary oil recovery methods are no longer viable, tertiary recovery methods reduce the viscosity of the oil in order to bring more to the surface.

31. Read the text and give its brief summary:

Text 11 C

Gas and Power Generation

Natural gas is important as a major source for electricity generation through the use of gas turbines and steam turbines. Particularly high efficiencies can be achieved through combining gas turbines with a steam turbine in combined cycle mode.

Environmentally, natural gas burns cleaner than other fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, and produces fewer greenhous gases. For an equivalent amount of heat, burning natural gas produces about 30% less carbon dioxide than burning petroleum and about 45% less than burning coal. Combined cycle power generation using natural gas is thus the cleanest source of power available using fossil fuels, and this technology is widely used wherever gas can be obtained at a reasonable cost.

Fuel cell technology may eventually provide cleaner options for converting natural gas into electricity, but as yet it is not price-competitive. Also, natural gas is said to peak around the year 2030, 20 years after the peak of oil. It is also projected that the world's supply of natural gas should finish around the year 2085.

Natural gas is commercially produced from oil field and natural gas fields. Gas produced from oil wells is called casinghead gas or associated gas. The largest two natural gas fields are probably South Pars Gas Field in Iran and Urengoy gas field in Russia, with reserves on the order of 1013 m³. Qatar also has 25 trillion cubic meters of natural gas (5% of the world's proven supply), enough to last 250 years at current production levels.

Town gas is a mixture of methane and other gases which can be used in a similar way to natural gas and can be produced by treating coal chemically. This is a historic technology still used as ‘best solution’ in some local circumstances, although coal gasification is not usually economic at current gas prices, depending upon infrastructure considerations.

Notes on the text

casinghead gas (associated gas) - нефтяной (попутный) газ (получаемый из коллектора нефти)

town gas - коммунальный (бытовой) газ

TEXT AND VOCABULARY EXERCISES

32. Find in the text the words or phrases which mean the same as:

§ комбинированный цикл § источник тока § основной источник § паровая турбина § смесь метана и других газов

§ коэффициент полезного действия § генерирование § ископаемое топливо § преобразование природного газа в электричество

33. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:

major source for electricity generation; high efficienciy; combined cycle mode; to produce fewer greenhouse gases; the cleanest source of power; natural gas fields; oil wells; to be at current production levels; local circumstances; to depend upon infrastructure considerations

34. Choose the correct word from Text 11C to complete the sentences:

1. Natural gas is important as a major ___ for electricity generation.

2. Particularly high ___ can be achieved through combining gas turbines with a steam turbine in combined cycle mode.

3. Combined cycle power generation using natural gas is thus the ___ source of power available using fossil fuels.

4. ___ cell technology may eventually provide cleaner options for converting natural gas into electricity but as yet it is not price-competitive.

5. Gas produced from oil wells is called casinghead gas or ___ gas.

6. ___ gas is a mixture of methane and other gases which can be used in a similar way to natural gas and can be produced by treating coal chemically.

7. Coal gasification is not usually economic at current gas prices, depending upon ___ consideration.

35. Match each word in A with the Russian equivalent in B:

A	B
1. gas turbine	a. запасы
2. steam	b. фитинг в устье скважины для отделения нефти от газа
3. to burn	c. обострять
4. amount	d. пригодный, имеющийся в распоряжении
5. available	e. количество
6. to peak	f. жечь, сжигать
7. casinghead	g. пар
8. reserves	h. газовая турбина

36. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. В пределах Мирового океана установлено около 70 нефтегазоносных бассейнов.

2. Персидский залив характеризуется высокой концентрацией запасов нефти и газа в сравнительно небольшом числе гигантских месторождений.

3. В начале 20 века изучение запасов природного газа было связано только с разведкой нефти.

4. Запасы природного газа увеличились главным образом благодаря открытию месторождений в восточной части России.

5. На сегодняшний день Россия обладает 35 % от мировых запасов природного газа, что составляет более 48 трлн.м3.

37. Work with a partner. Take turns to ask and answer questions to text 11C. Use the words and word combinations below:

major source	electricity generation
the use of gas turbines	steam turbines
combined cycle mode	to convert gas into electricity
town gas	gas prices

38. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions from the box:

of (3) in (6) at beneath with (2) from by (2) for on

Natural gas is highly flammable hydrocarbon gas consisting chiefly ___ methane. Although methane is always the chief component, it may also include other gases such as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, ethane, ethylene, propane, and even some helium.

The gas is found entrapped ___ the earth's crust ___ varying depths ___ impervious strata, such as limestone, and may or may not be ___ association ___ oil. If oil is present it is called wet gas, else dry gas. Deposits are fairly widely distributed, however, ___ the contiguous US only Texas and Louisiana are net exporters. All ___ the other states use more gas than they produce. The gas is drawn ___ wells, similar to oil wells, and is usually transported ___ pipelines, sometimes a thousand miles or more.

As a fuel, natural gas is convenient and efficient. It is used primarily ___ heat, ___ industrial, commercial and residential settings. ___ many homes the house and water are heated ___ gas, the food is cooked ___ it and clothes dried. It is also used to produce electricity, ___ many cases using gas fired turbines that are similar to jet engines. Gas has the great advantage ___ producing no smoke or ash ___ burning, although it is usually much more expensive than coal as a fuel.

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