Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary.

atrium, n pl atria	['eɪtrɪəm] ['eɪtrɪə]	передсердя
beat, v	[bi:t]	битися
bulk, n	[bʌlk]	маса; об'єм; місткість
cartilage, n	['kɑ:təlɪʤ]	хрящ
contract, v	[kən'trækt]	скорочуватись
enclose, v	[ɪn'kləʊz]	oточувати; замикати
ensure, v	[in'ʃʊə]	гарантувати, забезпечувати
forcibly, adv	['fɔ:səblɪ]	примусово
initiate, v	[i'niʃieit]	почати
mediastinum, n	[mi:dɪə'staɪnəm]	середостіння
nutrient, n	['nju:trɪənt]	поживна речовина
oxygenate, v	[ɒk'sɪʤɪneɪt]	насичувати киснем
resistance, n	[ri'zistəns]	опір, протидія
rhythmic, adj	[ˈrɪðmɪk]	ритмічний
septum, n pl septa	['septəm] ['septə]	перетинка
sinoatrial, adj	['sainəu'eitrɪəl]	синусно-передсердний
surface, n	['sə:fis]	поверхня
transfer, v	[træns'fə:]	переносити
ventral, adj	['ventrəl]	черевний
ventricle, n	['ventrikl]	шлуночок

Exercise 2. Pronounce correctly and translate without dictionary:

impulse ['ɪmpʌls], endocardium [endəu'kɑ:dıəm], pericardium [perɪ'kɑ:dıəm], myocardium [maiəʊ'kɑ:dɪəm], membranous ['membrənəs], sternum [ 'stə:nəm], venae cavae [ 'vi:nə'keɪvi], tricuspid [trai'kʌspid], bicuspid [bai' kʌspid], rhythmical ['rıðmıkəl], mitral ['maitrəl], valve [vælv], semilunar [semi'lu:nə], aortic [ei 'ɔ:tik], chamber [tʃeimbə]

Exercise 3. Read and translate the word combinations into your native language:

Both atria; the left atrium; on an average; to beat rhythmically; muscular bulk; a costal cartilage; to continue process; to contract continuously; to be enclosed in a bag; to ensure protection; to contract more forcibly; to initiate the cardiac impulse; a membranous septum; the middle of the mediastinum; to be covered by a sternum; the surface of the heart; the right ventricle; the muscular pump; to receive deoxygenated blood; to lose carbon dioxide; one-way valves; the semilunar pulmonary valve; body resistance.

Exercise 4. Form the adverb from the adjectives and translate them:

Model: slow – slowly – повільний – повільно

Special, internal, central, large, general, forcible, great, rhythmical, ventral, intramuscular, superficial, global, temporary, continuous, eventual.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the adjectives and their degrees:

1. The resistance to blood flow through the general circulation is much greater than resistance through the lungs.

2. The left side of the heart must contract more forcibly than the right so it has greater muscular bulk.

3. The right atrium of the heart is larger than the left one.

4. The walls of the left atrium are thicker than those of the right one.

5. The left ventricle is longer than the right ventricle.

6. The left ventricle is more conical in form than the right one.

7. The smallest veins in the body are called venules.

8. The venules branch into larger veins which eventually carry the blood to the largest veins in the body, the vena cava.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

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