Gravett, Christopher. Knights at Tournament (London, 1988). Published by Osprey Publishing Ltd., London, and thus widely available.

Harvey, Ruth. Moriz von Craun and the Chivalric World (Oxford 1911) (especially chapters III and IV).

Jackson, William Henry. "The Tournament and Chivalry in German Tournament Books of the Sixteenth Century and in the Literary Works of Emperor Maximilian I," in The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood: papers from the first and second Strawberry Hill conferences, ed. Christopher Harper-Bill and Ruth Harvey (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1986), pp. 49-73.

Jourdan, J.P. "La Theme du Pas et l'Emprise," Ethnologie francaise, 22 (1992): 172-84. Concentrates on the very late 14th century and the fifteenth century. Relies on the concept of limited combat, as symbolized and actualized in the restricted space where a Pas takes place.

Keen, Maurice. Chivalry (New Haven, 1984), pp. 83-101.

Loomis, R.S. "Chivalric and Dramatic Imitations of Arthurian Romance," in Medieval Studies in Memory of A.K. Porter (Cambridge, Mass. 1939).

Loomis, R.S. "Edward I: Arthurian Enthusiast," Speculum 28 (1953): 118-9.

Rangstroem, Lena, ed. Riddarlek och Tornerspel -- Tournaments and the Dream of Chivalry (Royal Armoury, Stockholm, 1992). A catalog from an exhibition held at the Royal Armoury, including descriptions of pieces and a set of short articles focusing on specific aspects of the tournament. Much of the book is devoted to 17th and 18th century developments. Text in both Swedish and English. Vale, Juliet. Edward III and Chivalry: Chivalric Society and its Context, 1270-1350 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1982).

Young, Alan. Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments (London 1987).

Texts and Original Sources

L'Histoire Guillaume le Mareschal, ed. P. Meyer (Paris, 1901).
An Old French biography of William Marshal, the great tournament champion of the twelfth century, written for his followers shortly after his death in 1219. William Marshal's political importance and the unique qualities of the biography have produced an abundant literature:

Crossland, Jessie. William the Marshal: The Last Great Feudal Baron (London, 1962). Meant as a free translation and interpretation of the 13th c. original. Includes some detailed anecdotes from the History.

Crouch, David. William Marshal: Court, Career, and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire 1147-1219 (London, 1990). See especially pp. 171-184. Of William Marshal's modern biographers, Crouch is the least interested in his subject's career as a tourneyer. Rather, he sees the Marshal as an outstanding practitioner of 12th century "courtesy," the art of maneuvering in the envious and dangerous environment of the court. Crouch criticizes previous biographers of the Marshal for being too romantic.

Duby, Georges. William Marshal: Flower of Chivalry (New York, 1985). Duby was a leading scholar of the twelfth-century French-speaking aristocracy; however this book has attracted a good deal of criticism.

Duby, Georges. "Youth in Aristocratic Society," in The Chivalrous Society, tr. Cynthia Postan (Berkeley, 1980), pp. 112-122. One of Duby's most important discussions of the social environment in which the tournament became a prominent social custom.

Esmark, Kim. "Man of Honor - Aspects of Medieval Knightly Identity in the Verse Biography of William the Marshal," in The Birth of Identities, ed. Brian McGuire (Copenhagen, 1996). A discussion of how knightly identities were forged in the public eye, in tournament and otherwise.

Gillingham, John. "War and Chivalry in the History of William the Marshal," in Thirteenth Century England II, ed. P.R. Coss and S.D. Lloyd (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1988), pp. 1-13. A critique of earlier scholarship on the Marshal.

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