Prepositions of Place

В англійській мові існує 150 прийменників:

about

above

across

after

along

among

around

as

at

before

behind

below

beside

between

but

by

despite

down

during

except

following

for

from

in

inside

into

like

near

of

off

on

onto

opposite

outside

over

past

round

since

than

through

to

toward

under

unlike

until

up

upon

with

without

Якщо щось перебуває на чомусь, наприклад, на столі, говоріть – on. Якщо предмет усередині чогось, наприклад, сумки, Ви використовуйте прийменник in. Якщо ж він поруч із чимось, наприклад, з будинком, використовуйте at. Якщо між двома й більше об'єктами, наприклад, вікнами, говоріть between. Якщо за чимось – behind, наприклад, стіною, а якщо перед – in front of. Якщо ж об'єкт над чимось, то ми кажіть over, а якщо він загубився під чимось, то використовуйте under.

Ex.6.Заповніть пропуски прийменниками:

1. There is a nice kennel … the yard.

2. There is a big dog … the kennel.

3. There are two little puppies … the kennel.

4. There is a sly cat … the roof of the kennel.

5. There is a beautiful butterfly … the cat.

6. There is a bowl with a bone … the kennel.

7. The girl is … the kennel.

8. We can see an old tree … the kennel.

bone – кістка

bowl – миска

fence – паркан

kennel – собача будка

Ex.7.Прочитайте та перекладіть текст, звертаючи увагу на вживання прийменника in :

Kyiv is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the world. You can easily find a park in Kyiv. When Rockwell Kent, a famous American painter, visited our capital, he said, “I saw a lot of parks in different cities, but for the first time in my life I can see a city in the park”.

There are a lot of chestnut trees in the streets, squares, and even in the yards of Kyiv. A chestnut tree is a symbol of the Ukrainian capital.

chestnut – каштан

Ex.8.Заповніть пропуски підходящими за змістом прийменниками з дужок:

1. There is an aquarium … the table. There are two gold-fish … the aquarium. There is a sly cat … the aquarium. (at, on, in, over)

2. There is a big window … my room. My desk is the window. (on, in, at)

3. There is a sofa … the wall. The picture is … the wall … the sofa. (in, on, above, at)

4. There are six cups … the shelf … the cupboard. (in, on, under)

5. Don’t count flies … the ceiling! (in, on, behind)

6. There are no chestnut trees … the house. (on, under, in front of)

7. Is that a spider … the floor? (at, in, on)

8. Is that a dog or a cat … the tree? (over, under)

9. You can’t see the ball. It’s … that old tree. (in front of, at, behind)

10. Look! There is a kite … that high tree! (under, over, behind)

Ex.9.Прочитайте текст, заповніть пропуски поданими нижче прийменниками:

In, to, from, into, on

Your know … your Zoology and Geography lessons that crabs live … the see. There are islands … the Pacific Ocean where very big crabs live … the trees. They sit … the coco-nut-trees and eat coco-nuts. They don’t like to walk the sand. Those crabs go … the sea only once a year to lay eggs … the water.

crab - краб

coco-nut – кокосовий горіх

coco-nut-tree – кокосова пальма

to lay eggs – відкладати яйця

the Pacific Ocean – Тихий океан

Домашнє завдання:

Ex. 1. Вивчіть новий лексичний матеріал

Ex. 5. Вивчіть новий граматичний матеріал

Ex.10. Перекладіть подані нижче речення англійською мовою:

1. Над тим високим деревом жовтий повітряний змій.

2. У шкільному дворі багато учнів.

3. У моїй кімнаті є велике вікно.

4. Мій письмовий стіл біля вікна.

5. Твоя книга під кріслом.

6. На підлозі є книга.

7. В акваріумі дві золоті рибки.

8. Біля акваріума великий рудий кіт.

9. За парканом злий собака.

10. Перед будинком багато квітів.

Питання для самоконтролю:

1. What is management?
2. What is planning?

Unit 11 Types of business organization

Типи організації бізнесу

Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть наступні групи слів:

sole proprietor, joint stock company, cooperative soci­ety, public corporation, one-person business, deci­sion-taker, extremely flexible, easy adjustment, mar­ket conditions, repair and maintenance work, person­al services

Ex. 2. Запишіть та вивчіть наступні слова та словосполучення:

ability– здатність

acquire– здобувати

adjustment– пристрій

borrow– займати

bear– нести

capable – здатний

debt – борг

decision – рішення

entrepreneur – підприємець

enterprise –підприємство

event – випадок, подія

failure – невдача

flexible – гнучкий

Joint Stock Company — акціонерна компанія

liability – відповідальність

loss – збиток, збитки, втрата

maintenance – експлуатація

ownership– власність

partnership - товариство

possess - володіти

profit – дохід

refer to відноситися, посилатися

repair - ремонт

responsible - відповідальний

restrict - обмежувати

retail - роздрібний

seize - захоплювати

sole proprietor – одноособовий власник

since– оскільки, з

strength – сильна сторона, сила

success - успіх

therefore – тому

value – здатність

Ex. 3. Прочитайте та перекладіть наступний текст:

The different types of business organisation to be found in the UK and most other capitalist countries may be classi­fied under five headings: the sole proprietor, the partner­ship, the joint stock company, the cooperative society, and the public corporation.

The sole proprietor

This is the simplest and the oldest form of business enterprise and often referred to as the one-person business. A single person provides the capital, takes the decisions, and assumes the risks. He or she is solely responsible for the suc­cess or failure of the business and has, therefore, the sole rights to such profits as may be made, or, alternatively, bears the sole responsibility for such losses as may accrue. The one-person business is still far more numerous than any other types of business organisation, but in terms of total output employment, value of capital employed, or value of total output, it is relatively unimportant compared with the joint stock company.

The strength of this type of firm lies in the direct per­sonal interest of the proprietor in the efficiency of his enterprise. Ownership and control are vested in one person who enjoys all the fruits of success and hence has a great incentive to run the firm efficiently. Since the proprietor is the sole decision — taker and has no need to consult col­leagues when changes of policy are required we should expect this type of organisation to be extremely flexible and capable of quick and easy adjustment to changes in market conditions.

The great disadvantage of the sole proprietor from an enterprise lies in the fact that the owner is personally liable for the debts incurred by his firm and his liability is unlimit­ed. All his personal possessions are at risk and may be seized to meet creditors demands in the event of the business becoming insolvent. Another disadvantage of this type of firm is the strict limitation of its ability to acquire capital for expansion. Finance is restricted to the amounts which the entrepreneur is able to provide from his own resources and whatever sums he can borrow on his own security.

We find the one-person business prevalent in farming, retailing, building, repair and maintenance work, and per­sonal services such as hairdressing.

Ex. 4. Складіть п’ять запитань до тексту:

Ex. 5. Заповніть пропуски, використовуючи наступні слова:

possessions, adjustment, proprietor, failure, headings,enterprise, efficiency, ownership, conditions, flexible, failure, liability, debts, decisions, responsible

1. The different types of business organisation may be classified under five....

2. This is the simplest and the oldest form of business....

3. A single person is solely _A. for the success or...of the business.

4. His... is unlimited.

5.... and control are vested in one person.

6. This type of organisation is extremely... and capable of quick... to changes in market....

7. The owner is personally liable for the... incurred by his firm.

8. All his... are at risk.

9. 9. A single person provides the capital, takes the..., and assumes the risks.

Ex. 6. Знайдіть антоніми серед наступних слів:

strength, profit, success, security, weakness, amount, failure, quantity, danger, loss

Ex. 7. Утворіть речення, використовуючи наступні слова:

1. are, control, and, in, ownership, person, one, vested.

2. organisation, of, is, this, flexible, type, extremely.

3. risk, all, at, possessions, his, personal, are.

4. as, the, often, referred, is, business, it, to, one person.

5. relatively, joint stock company, is, compared, unim­portant, it, the, with.

Ex. 8. Поставте запитання до виділених слів:

1. The different types of business organisation may be classified under five headings.

2. The owner is personally liable for the debts incurred by his firm.

3. The one-person business is prevalent in farming, retailing, repair and maintenance work.

4. A single person provides the capital, takes the deci­sions, and assumes the risks.

5. The oldest form of business enterprise is often referred to as the one-person business.

Домашнє завдання:

Ex. 1 Вивчіть новий лексичний матеріал

Ex. 10. Перекажіть текст в обсязі десяти речень.

Питання для самоконтролю:

1. Які типи організації бізнесу ви знаєте?
2. Що означає термін «The sole proprietor»?

Unit 12 Прийменники напрямку і руху

Ex.1. Прочитайте та запам’ятайте новий граматичний матеріал:

Даючи вказівки, куди саме людині необхідно йти, ми використовуємо прийменники руху. До них належать наступні прийменники:

To – до (напрямок руху до предмета):

Go to school. – Ходити в школу. Go to the blackboard. – Підійди до дошки.

From – від (напрямок руху від предмета):

Go from the blackboard. – Відходити від дошки. I come from Ukraine. – Я родом зУкраїни.

Into – в (у значенні у середину):

Put into the box. – Класти в коробку. Go into the room. – Входити в кімнату.

Out of – з (у значенні із чогось):

Take out of the box. – Діставати з коробки. Go out of the room. – Виходити з кімнати.

Take out of the fridge. – Діставати з холодильника.

On(to) – на (рух на поверхню іншого предмета)

To put a ball on the ground.

Off – з (рух з поверхні предмета)

Take it off the sofa.

Through - через:

Go through the city. – Проходити через місто.

Along – вздовж:

Go along the street. – Іти вздовж вулиці.

Across - через:

Go across the bridge. – Переходити через міст. Go across the street. – Переходити вулицю.

Straight – прямо:

Go straight. – Йдіть прямо.

Past – повз:

Go past the post office. – Йдіть повз пошту.

Round -навколо, навкруги (і і рух, і місцезнаходження)

The mouse is running round the mushroom.

Up – нагору (рух на гору)

The mouse is climbing up the table.

Down – униз (рух у низ)

They walked down the hill.

Ex.2.Заповніть пропуски прийменниками:

1. We go … the sports club to play tennis.

2. We usually return … the sports club rather late.

3. They often go … the theatre.

4. Put the kitten … the box.

5. Don’t forget to put your keys … the bag.

6. Please take the album … of that drawer and put it … my desk.

7. Go … your room and stay there.

8. Go … my room!

9. Look! The cat jumped.. the roof of that car.

10. Take this rubbish … the shelf!

Ex.3. Заповніть пропуски підходящими за змістом прийменниками з дужок:

1. We often go … the library after classes. (in, to)

2. Rita always comes … school in time. (to, at)

3. Taras! Grandpa is … the garden. He is very tired. Please go … the garden and help him to water the flowers. (in, into, to)

4. Max! We have a lot of guests! Could you bring a few chairs … the living-room? (into, to)

5. Go … the blackboard and write the date, please!

6. Look! There is a black stain … your trousers. Take the pen … your pocket! (on, out of, from)

7. Look at this cat! He always comes …the aquarium and watches the goldfish. (to, into)

8. It’s very hot in here. Please bring me a bottle of cold water … the fridge. (from, out of)

9. Take these clothes … the chair and put them … the wardrobe. (into, in, off, out of)

10. Take these books … the floor and put them … the bookcase. (into, in, from, out of)

11. Pease put the apples … the blow and wash them. (into, in)

12. Put the vase … the table, please. (on, in)

fridge – холодильник

stain – пляма

Ex.4.Прочитайте діалог й заповніть пропуски поданими нижче прийменниками:

above, out of, in, from, on, onto, into

Granny: What’s up, Max!

Max: Granny! Save me! Your beloved parrots stormed … my room and … the computer!

Granny: Wait a moment! I am coming.

Max: Granny! No kidding! I’m serious. Hurry up! Things are a little crazy now. Take your pets … my room.

Granny: I’m her. Keep a cool head! Where are they? I can’t see them … your computer.

Max: Look! Now your birds are playing Halloween … my wardrobe.

Granny: Please bring me some nuts … the kitchen. They are … the shelf … the sink.

Max: With pleasure. Now I’m safe.

to storm – вриватися

no kidding – я не жартую!

Keep a cool head! – Не втрачай голову!

sink – раковина (водопроводу)

I’msafe – я в небезпеці

Ex.5.Заповніть пропуски підходящими за змістом прийменниками з дужок:

1. A lot of cars run at full speed … the roads nowadays. That’s why we must follow the traffic regulations and go … the street when the light is green. (across, through, along)

2. We live on the ground floor. My cat likes to jump..the window into the yard. (to, through)

3. Cows are sacred animals in India. They can lay … the roads and stop the traffic. (along, across)

4. My grandparents love flowers very much. There are a lot of different flowers … their house. (round, across)

5. Our neighbour’s dog doesn’t like cat. This dog often makes poor cats climb … the trees in the yard. (down, up)

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