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Criminal Courts and Criminal Cases

Читайте также:
  1. Civil courts and Civil Cases
  2. CRIMINAL LAW
  3. Juvenile court, International Court of Justice, prosecuted, apprehension, Magistrates’ Courts, county courts, concerns, Crown Court, coroner
  4. Quot; См.: L. Radzinovitz, The English Criminal Law, 1956, t. II, p. 203-241.

There are two main kinds of courts, and two kinds of judicial officers to correspond with them. Courts of first instance are presided over by magistrates, who are normally Justices of the Peace (Jps); higher courts (“crown” courts) by judges, or in some cases, senior barristers specially appointed to perform judicial functions for part of their time.

More than nine out of every ten criminal cases in England and Wales are tried in magistrates’ courts. This constitutes each year approximately 2 million cases. The courts have power to levy fines, to impose prison sentences, though in no case exceeding six months. The largest single number of cases tried by magistrates are motoring offences. Other offences tried by magistrates range from allowing animals to stray on a highway and tattooing a minor case to burglary, assault, causing cruelty to children and wounding. The courts also have a limited civil jurisdiction, primarily in matrimonial proceedings, and have a number of administrative functions in the licensing of public houses, betting shops and clubs.

Magistrates themselves are of two types: stipendiary or lay. Stipendiary magistrates are legally qualified and serve on a full-time basis. They sit alone when hearing cases. Lay magistrates are part-time and, as the name implies, are not legally drawn from the ranks of the public. London and some of the larger cities have stipendiary magistrates. The rest of England and Wales relies on lay magistrates.

Until 1986, the decision whether to prosecute - and the prosecution itself - was undertaken by the police. Since October 1986, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions, has been responsible for the independent review and prosecution of all criminal cases instituted by police forces on England and Wales.

Appeals from decisions of magistrates’ courts may be taken to the Crown Court or, in matrimonial cases, to the Family Division of the High Court or, on points of law, to the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court. In practice appeals are rare.

The Court itself is divided up into six court circuits and a total of nearly one hundred courts. The most serious cases will be presided over by a High Court judge, the most senior position within the court. Other cases will be heard by a Circuit judge or a Recorder. High Court and Circuit judges are full-time, salaried judges. Recorders are legally qualified but part-time, pursuing their normal legal duties when not engaged on court duties.

Appeals from conviction in a Crown Court may be taken on a point of law to the Queen’s Bench Division of the High Court but usually are taken to the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal. Appeals against conviction are possible on a point of law and on a point of fact.

The Court of Appeal comprises judges known as Lords Justices of Appeal and five judges who are members ex officio (the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Chief Justice, the Master of the Rolls, the President of the Family Division of the High Court and the Vice-Chancellor of the Chancery Division). Appeals are usually heard by the three judges. Though presided over by the Lord Chief Justice or a Lord Justice, judges of the Queen’s Bench may sit on the court.

From the Court of Appeal, a further appeal is possible to the House of Lords. The case is heard by an Appellate Committee undertaken by the Lord Chancellor, Law Lords known as Lords of Appeal in Ordinary.

Notes*

Lords of Appeal in Ordinary - лорди постійного апеляційного суду Queen’s Bench Division - відділення Королівської лави Високого суду Lord Chief Justice - лорд - головний суддя, голова відділення королівської лави Верховного суду і член вищого апеляційного суду Chancery Division - суд лорда-канцлера (відділення Високого суду правосуддя) Master of Rolls - начальник судових архівів (the Rolls - список справ назначених до слухання) Court of first instance - суд першої інстанції to lеvy fine - накладати штраф to impose prison sentence - виносити вирок про ув’язненя motoring offences - проступки автомобільного характеру to try a case - слухати справу to hear a case - розглядати справу to stray, v. - блукати, зійти з правильного шляху matrimonial proceedings - судові протоколи про подружжні справи betting shops - букмакерські заклади civil jurisdiction - цивільне судочинство stipendary magistrate - мировий суддя, який отримує зарплату, суддя поліцейського суду lay magistrate - мировий суддя, не спеціаліст, який не отримує зарплату to prosecute, v. - розслідувати, prosecution, n.– розслідування to appeal, v. - апелювати, an appeal, n. - апеляція

 

Talking Points*

What kinds of criminal courts are there in Britain?

Where are criminal cases mainly tried In Britain?

How are magistrates categorized?

What body is entrusted to provide prosecution?

What’s classification of courts?

Where do all appeals go to be heard?

 

Unit 6


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