Reading single vowel letters in stressed non-final syllables

meaning	spelling	examples	exceptions
I. Primary long	1) vowel + vowel	diet
2) vowel + consonant + vowel vowel + consonant + “r” + vowel vowel + consonant + “le” vowel + consonant + “re”	pilot library idle fibre
II. Primary short	1) vowel + consonant cluster + vowel vowel + consonant cluster +“le”	Render   fiddle
2) vowel + consonant + “ic” vowel + consonant + “ish” vowel + consonant + “ity”	tragic polish cavity
3) vowel + “v” + vowel	never	∙fever ∙over ∙uvula
4) vowel + syllable + syllable	fa∙mi∙ly	cases with “u”: funeral
5) vowel + [ı]-closed syllable vowel + [(j)u:]-closed syllable	fa∙cet tri∙bune	stupid

Ex. 3.1 (, track 2)

Read the following names and decide, from their spelling, if the vowel is short or long. (If there is more than one vowel, focus on the vowel receiving most stress.) If you are not sure, check the recording.

Example: Mick = short Susan = long

Mick	Susan	Dean	Sammy	Cathy
Martha	Jane	Luke	Tammy	Rose
Bert	Muriel	Patty	Pete	Ross
Ted	David	Becky	Bud	Simon
Beth	Mike	Mary	Tom	Jean
Timmy	Joan	Bonnie	Sheila	Bill

Primary short meaning	Primary long meaning

Ex. 3.2 Read these words according to the rules:

Letter “A” (primary short and long meanings):

barrel	gas	bat	land	shall
angry	cab	bag	band	marry
tangle	fat	tan	pack	cattle
back	has	sand	dad	carry

sail brain paper

baby lady main

able bacon wait

parade famous mate

lain pain fate

Letter “E” (primary short and long meanings):

best	clever	led	met	peck
bell	seven	set	beg	shell
send	very	men	lend	merry
berry	when	pen	bend	kettle

he	we	these	agree	evening
she	be	me	even	deep

Letters “I/Y” (primary short and long meanings):

thimble thin chips

wish wiggle scribble

twin little picnic

fiddle kitchen history

ministry primitive system

why mine vice imply		rise idle license while	by fly nylon byre	rhyme arrive bicycle triangle	line kite file white	why mine vice imply

Letter “U” (primary short and long meanings):

crumple under humble hungry	duck must funny ugly	begun thus thunder bungle	buck lust fuss yuck	cluck bud puck luck
tube duty dual	music tune computer	tune muse humour	unit use student	human cube tunic

Letter “O” (primary short and long meanings):

	dot stop chop flop	cost doctor bottle body	robber coffee promise fox	cod shot stock con	cock cop wop doll
so nose go probe phone open	hope rose joke	note whole quote	tone hole drove

Ex. 3.3

A: Here are the twelve pairs of rhyming words. In each case, one has an expected spelling for the particular sound and one has not. Choose which has the more predictable spelling.

Example: cheque neck

(compare neck with peck, deck, wreck, speck and so on)

	dome	some		rich	stitch		file	style
	mash	cache		chest	breast		taste	waist
	steak	make		wand	bond		want	pant
	moon	prune		blood	mud		cut	put

Ex. 3.4 (, track 3)

A: In this section the spelling is 100% predictable from the pronunciation. Listen to the recording and write these individual words down.

	________		________		________		________
	________		________		________		________
	________		________		________		________
	________		________		________		________

B: Now see if you can read the following words aloud before you listen to them on the recording. Remember that the pronunciation is still predictable from the spelling.

	scoop		patched		puddle		shun
	muted		rotter		stutter		candle
	glitch		hugged		handy		rumbled
	spine		treck		budge		trash

C: Now do the same with the following nonsense words.

	flape		snork		frake		spump
	spline		preck		drumble		flinge
	smotted		glumpy		duddle		chinker
	gatter		chandy		shunker		strended

It doesn’t matter if you don’t know what the words in A and B mean; you can always check them in a dictionary afterwards. Don’t look in a dictionary for the nonsense words in C.

Ex. 3.5 Find and practice the reading vowels in their short meanings:

Letter” A”

a) Read as quickly as possible:

A cat, a black cat, a black cat sat, a black cat sat on a mat, a black cat sat on a mat and ate. A black cat sat on a mat and ate a fat rat.

b) Read the sentence:

There was a red van traveling West, and several cars and vans behind it. The van driver suddenly turned and crashed into the taxi. The taxi driver wasn’t badly hurt, but he was very angry.

Can you imagine an imaginary menagerie manager, imagining an imagery menagerie.

c) Proverbs and idioms:

Flat as a pancake.

A hungry man is an angry man.

d) Rhymes and tongue-twisters:

Pat’s black cat is in Pat’s black hat.

Pussy-cat, pussy-cat

Can you catch that bad fat rat?

If you catch that bad fat rat,

You will have some milk for that.

Letter “E”

a) Hens, red hens, best red hens, ten best red hens, Ted sells ten best red hens. Every day Ted sells ten best red hens.

b) Only ten per cent of Kensington Express readers take regular exercise. Ten per cent felt that they were healthy or very healthy.

c) All’s well that ends well.

d) Better late than never.

e) Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better.

f) Fred fed Ted bread and Ted led Fred bread.

g) Can you retell ten texts in twelve seconds?

Letters “I, Y”

a) As fit as a fiddle.

b) Which witch wished which wicked wish?

c) Needles and pins, needles and pins,

When a man marries, his trouble begins.

d) I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit.

Letter “O”

a) Bob’s dog got a hot pot of porridge and some chops.

b) I’ve got a job in a sports shop at the moment.

c) Honesty is the best policy.

d) A proper cup of coffee from a proper copper coffee pot.

Letter “U”

a) A duck, an ugly duck, an ugly duck was in a cup, an ugly duck was in a funny cup, an ugly duck was in a funny cup on Sunday. An ugly duck was in a funny cup on a sunny Sunday.

b) Lucky in cards unlucky in love.

c) Mummies munch much mush.

d) Double bubble gum bubbles double bubbles.

Ex. 3.6 Practice reading vowels in their long meanings:

Letter “A”

a) This amazing lake in Wales is a famous place for great races.

b) I can explain. The Daily Mail came late.

c) Make hay while the sun shines.

A stitch in time saves nine.

d) Rain, rain, go away,

Come again another day.

e) Billy, Billy, come and play

While the sun shines bright today.

Letter “E”

a) A man of words and not of deeds

Is like a garden full of weeds.

b) He speaks Chinese and Japanese with equal ease.

c) Easy come easy go.

Letters “I, Y”

a) Mike likes spicy pies with fried pike.

b) Hi, Mike! I’m busy typing. I have ninety-nine pages to type by Friday.

c) Out of sight out of mind.

Variety is a spice of life.

d) Why do you cry, Willy?

Why do you cry?

Why, Willy, why, Willy?

Why, Willy, why?

Letter “O”

a) The road below goes from Rome to the south coast. We are very close to our home.

b) Chip-chop, chip-chop,

Chipper-chopper Joe,

One big blow.

Oh! My toe!

Ex. 3.7 Read the following words and see how –e changes the pronunciation.

WITHOUT –e: WITH –e:

fat	cat	am	plan	hat
gate	late	name	plane	hate

NOW PRONOUNCE: man same take that lemonade bale safe tap tape

WITHOUT –e: WITH –e:

sit	in	begin	if	swim
invite	fine	wine	wife	time

NOW PRONOUNCE: fit inside still mile hid ride tide like pipe strip

WITHOUT –e: WITH –e:

stop	top	not	hot	clock
hope	home	note	nose	smoke

NOW PRONOUNCE: job stone rose God joke dome bone on spot coke

WITHOUT –e: WITH –e:

bus	run	pub	sun	just
excuse	June	tube	rude	use

NOW PRONOUNCE: much fuse cube cub fuss tune gun fun duke luck

EXCEPTIONS: some come one have give live love

Ex. 3.8 Put the words given below into a suitable column according to the rules of reading of stressed vowels:

Twilight, crying, Friday, magic, transport, limit, fiddle, panic, student, trying, bypass, never, uncle, letter, river, alphabet, timid, numeral, being, stupid, apricot, atomic, cinema, majority, better, hunting, visit, novel, palace, luggage, sentence, alcoholic, beginner, British, cucumber, famine, forever, Labrador, laser, microphone, noble, novel, poet, printer, puritan, puzzle, regular, Roman, secret, stupidity, syllabic, typical.

Primary long meaning	Primary short meaning

Ex. 3.9 Place the following words in the grids according to their vowel sound:

Rich, curl, month, cart, suit, breath, flashed, loom, herd, still, hemmed, torn, scene, cruise, floor, dock, just, don, sword, hoop, banned, rang, bin, love, hat, bird, stabbed, hood, farm, ought, ridge, ton, cloth, chalk, hoot, son, link, next, calm, germ, hymn, cab, wood, breath, creep, itch, blood, cough, should, could, black, said, foot, monk, dog, stood, piece, arch, move, purr, feast, palm, pearl, edge, shopped, eve, barred, soup, leaf, bard, begged.

Short vowel sounds

[I]	[æ]	[e]	[υ]	[o]	[Λ]

Long vowel sounds:

[i:]	[3:]	[ɑ:]	[o:]	[u:]

Test I

1. Divide into groups and transcribe these words:

Worry, student, apricot, oppose, novel, after, magic, limit, visit, excuse, sentence, bypass, money.

primary alphabetical meaning	primary short meaning	secondary meaning

2. Find the odd word:

a) little, silly, fiddle, middle, quite

b) tragic, pathetic, paste, falls

c) ruling, tulip, truthful, trustee, numeral

3. Transcribe these words:

Archery, point, cricket, victory, golf, runner-up, water polo, racket, rugby, swimming, championship, spectator.

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