You are planning to make a speech at a conference on water pollution. Outline the content of your speech and comment on a few issues that you would like to deal with.

Water pollution is one of the world's worst forms of pollution. People in Africa cannot drink clean water; their children die because a big part of our water has been polluted. Children in Kenya often have to go many kilometers to collect drinking water. At all over 2 million people don’t have clean water. And we do not know how it will be in future.

Water pollution happens because of the industrial waste, sewage waste and water waste, mining activities, marine dumping, accidental oil leakage, burning of fossil fuels, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, leakage from sewer lines, global warming, radioactive waste, urban development, leakage from the landfills, animal waste and underground storage leakage.

But the pollute water killed animals and plants too. There is no ocean or sea, which is not used as a dump. Many seas are used for dumping industrial and nuclear waste. This poisons and kills fish and sea animals. "Nuclear-poisoned" fish can be eaten by people. Many rivers and lakes are poisoned too. Fish and reptiles cannot live in them. There is not enough oxygen in the water. In such places all the birds leave their habitats and many plants die. If people drink this water they can die too. It happens so because factories produce a lot of waste and pour it into rivers. So they poison water.Oil is one of the world's biggest pollutants; The more direct form of oil pollution is when ships transporting oil leaks or the ship crashes.

We must keep our planet and water of our planet clean.

The average citizen can help stop water pollution: Dispose of dangerous Waste suitably(Wastes not disposed of properly can find their way into groundwater, drinking water sources, and wildlife habitat. Never dump liquid waste into sinks, toilets, or storm drains. (Antifreeze, paint and varnish, herbicides and pesticides, etc). And we should save water resources too.

If we want to live, we should guard our clean water and do not pollute them because we could live without food about a month but without water we could die in 4-5 days. As we know there is no way to decrease the percentage of the water pollution to 0% but there are many ways to decrease it to somehow a good percentage. Let’s keep our water clean!

17. As a farmer you have noticed that the soil is becoming badly polluted. You consider methods for restoring it: by what means can its degradation be stopped or reversed.

Making plan for having healthy and productive soil is essential to human survival. Entrance of materials, biological organisms or energy into the soil will cause changes in soil quality. This problem causes soil to remove from its natural state. The soil is composed of two parts. 1- Soil Living Part, 2- Soil Dead Part. The dead part of the soil includes weathered rocks and minerals. But the live soil is the soil which enjoys small animals like insects and worms and plants, bacteria and other microbes are grown in the live soil.

Nowadays, active mines, consumption of fossil fuels, agricultural pesticides and fertilizers are considered as the most important factors of biosphere pollution to these elements. Nowadays, among pollutant resources, the followings are considered as the most important factors of biosphere pollution: - Active mines (industrial pollution) - Consumption of fossil fuels (oil pollutions) - Agricultural fertilizers and pesticides. In continuation, these pollutants are described briefly. 1) Presently, we are facing severe soil and water resources’ pollution due to the excessive production of waste, wrong collecting and incomplete recycling of household, industrial, hospital waste, industrial wastewaters, urban wastewater, construction wastes and accumulation of waste at the margin of the cities.

There are three main methods for soil decontamination from industrial wastes as follows: 1. Soil can be excavated up to the specified depth and the excavated soil can be taken away from the region and then, it can be restored. 2.The soil can be restored at the same area. 3. Keeping soil in the area is the other method. Under such circumstances, auxiliaries are added to the soil to prevent spread of infection to the plants, animals and human.

Removal of soil pollution is usually carried out by two methods: 1- inside the site and 2- outside the site. In outside-of-the-site method, the contaminated soil is transferred to the other place and after removal of its pollution, it is returned to the first place.

In another method i.e. inside-the-site, there is no need to transfer or move the soil, rather, when pollutants are turned into organic, capability of their biological uptake is reduced. To reduce pollution of mineral pollutants in soil, the following methods of organic, complex and soil increase by the lime can be used. But most of these methods are expensive and will destruct the environment. In technology of using plants as phytoremediation, green plants and their relationship with soil microorganisms is used to reduce soil and groundwater pollution. This technology can be used for removing each of two pollutants of soil i.e. organic and inorganic.

In another method, restricting mobility and availability of pollutants is carried out in soil through using power of the root. This method is usually used in soil, sediment and sludge to reduce the pollution and is carried out through absorption, deposition, complex and reduction of the capacity.

In plant evaporation method, plants absorb pollutants from the soil and then convert them into the steam and transfer with the transpiration and atmosphere operation. This method is used in growing trees to absorb organic and inorganic pollutants.

However, it is observed that today world can devise improvements with inspiration of the nature and its virgin non diminishable system for what the human being has destroyed with his hand which undoubtedly is not easier than preventing pollution of resources especially soil resources.

18. What kind of a wedding would you like to have when you planned to get married? Point out its advantages over the other types of wedding.

The first step in the wedding planning process is choosing what type of wedding you want to have.

There are some types of wedding and I’d like to tell you some of them.

So, the first type of wedding is Formal Wedding. Holding tightly to age-old traditions, a formal wedding conforms to exacting social expectations, including an elaborately decorated ceremony and reception, numerous attendants and ushers, engraved stationery, an assigned seating chart and dozens of etiquette rules. An expensive event, this type of wedding usually has more than 200 guests in attendance.

The next type is Informal Wedding. Couples who choose to have an informal wedding have the freedom to customize every aspect of their marriage ceremony and wedding reception. They usually hold on to several important traditions, create a mashup of both traditions or come up with something completely new. Although not as elaborate, an informal wedding typically has a more intimate feel.

Another type is Religious Ceremony. A religious marriage takes place in a house of worship where the bride or groom is a member of the congregation. The reception usually occurs immediately after the exchanging of vows, either in the church's banquet room or at a separate location. Couples must still obtain a civil marriage license from their local courthouse or county clerk’s office for the union to have legal standing.

One more type is Civil Ceremony. A civil ceremony wedding is typically held in a courthouse, city hall or judges' chambers and is officiated by a Justice of the Peace, a judge or a mayor. The secular ceremony is brief, with simple vows and just a handful of guests. A simple or elaborate reception can follow the ceremony.

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