Заліковий білет № 2

ЗАЛІКОВИЙ БІЛЕТ № 1.

1.Читання, вибірковий переклад і переказ незнайомого тексту відповідного рівня складності, відповідь на запитання екзаменатора за змістом прочитаного;

What is Economics About? Economics is the study of choice. Іt is about people and how they choose to use limited resources in аn effort to satisfy unlimited wants. There are two important components to this definition: limited resources and unlimited wants. Together they form what is known as the problem of scarcity, which is the most basic of all economic problems. If we stop and think for a moment, we can see why scarcity is such a problem—there are not enough resources on this planet for people to get everything they want. As a result, choices must be made.

Both individuals and nations are faced with the problem of limited resources.Few individuals have enough money or earning power to buy everything they want. No nation in the world has sufficient resources to satisfy the wants of all of its people. A nation has a fixed amount of land, timber, mineral deposits, and other natural resources. At any given point in time, it also has only so many workers, factories, tools, and machines.

Do you have everything you want? Probably not. Very few people ever reach the stage where they have everything they want. In fact, one want often leads to another. It is important to point out, however, that there is a difference between wants and needs. Everyone needs food, clothing, and shelter, but other so-called needs" are really "wants." For example, you may insist that you need a car, but you may live in an area where you really don't have to have one. You can walk, bicycle, or rely on public transportation to get around. Similarly, you may want new clothes, but whether or not you need them is a value judgment. If you think about it, you probably will agree that most people`s needs are limited. In contrast, people's wants are unlimited.

2. Монолог відповідно до запропонованої програмної теми

Знайомство. Представлення. Отримання інформації. (Introductions. Getting information.)

ЗАЛІКОВИЙ БІЛЕТ № 2

1.Читання, вибірковий переклад і переказ незнайомого тексту відповідного рівня складності, відповідь на запитання екзаменатора за змістом прочитаного;

Because of the problem of scarcity, nations, businesses, and individuals all must make choices in an effort to satisfy unlimited wants with limited resources. These choices are not always easy. Suppose you have saved some money and are thinking of buying a new bicycle. Before buying the bicycle, however, you may give some consideration to the possibility of buying something else instead. Would a stereo system give you more pleasure than the bicycle? What about the possibility of buying a used bike so you will have enough money left over to buy the new shoes you need or to put some money aside for college? Or would it be better to save the money toward a down
payment on a used car that you can use on your part-time job as well as at college? Because your income is limited and you can buy only a limited number of things, you probably will give con­ siderable thought to the situation before making your purchase.

However you decide to use your money, you will have to give up the opportunity to purchase something else that also may have given you pleasure? If you decide to purchase the second-hand bicycle so that you
will have some money to put aside for college, you will have to give up the opportunity to buy the stereo system or to buy the new bicycle. Economists use the term opportunity cost to refer to the next best alternative that is given up when a decision is made to use resources in a particular way. In this example, if your second choice would have been the purchase of a stereo system, then the opportunity cost of buying the used bicycle and putting aside the money for college is the stereo system you could have had.

Money is not the only scarce resource that individuals have.Time is also a scarce resource. Suppose that on a particular Saturday night you have the opportunity to go out on a date with a person you like very much. At the same time, you also have the opportunity to go roller skating with several of your friends. Because you can't do both, you must make a choice. No matter which choice you make, you are going to pay a price in terms of the opportunity cost of your decision. If you decide to go out on the date, the opportunity cost of your choice is giving up the opportunity to go roller skating.

2.Монолог відповідно до запропонованої програмної теми

Звернення щодо працевлаштування. (Applying for a job.)

Дата добавления: 2015-07-26