Kyiv Rus

By Andrew Solovdin

The state of the Eastern Slavs, the Kyiv Rus, was 1) fo_med in the 9th century with its capital in the city of Kyiv. The 2) basi_ of this state was formed by a 3) tr_be of Polyanye, called Rus. The majority of Eastern Slav tribes 4) _nited around this tribe in the 9th-11th centuries.The Kyiv princes had a big 5) a_my and many ships. They undertook 6) campai_ns to the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas. Russian 7) m_rchants traded with the European and eastern countries.

The Grand Duke of Kyiv was the supreme 1) _______. The druzhina, his garrison, was divided 2) _______elders (the Boyars and the Duke's men) and the juniors (the gridi and 3)_______). The grand Duke's garrison took 4) ________ in discussing state affairs. Rudimentary 5) ________ of a slave system existed in Kyiv Rus, but they never developed further. The growth of the productive 6) _______ provided the basis for the development of 7)__________ relations in Kyiv Rus.

The crafts were developing and were gradually 1) (breaking away, break away) from agriculture. In time the towns 2) (become, became) the centres of crafts. In this respect Kyiv Rus superceded Western Europe, where this process 3) (will take, took) shape during the period of developed feudal relations. 4) (A, The) Chronicles note the existence of 89 towns in the 11th-century Rus. Over 60 different trades 5) (knew, were known) in the 12th century Russian towns and over 150 different articles of iron and steel were manufactured. However, the insufficient social division of labour and the natural type of economy 6) (is held, held) back the development of home trade. In the 11th and early 12th centuries Kyiv Rus was a powerful, economically developing state.

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

Практичне заняття № 3

Тема: Планування діяльності підприємства (власного бізнесу).

1. Читання, переклад та переказ тексту. Виконання після текстових вправ.

Don't know where to start with your plan? What is a business plan?

Your business plan should be a living roadmap to success, not just a one-time document.

Business advisors, bankers, and investors generally agree that you should develop a business plan before you start a business. A plan can help you move forward, make decisions, and make your business successful. However, not all business plans are the same, not every business needs the same level of detail. You might develop a fairly simple plan first as you start a small business, and that might be enough for you. You can also start simple and then elaborate as you prepare to approach bankers or investors.

For a simple example, imagine a woman making jewelry at home and selling it at a local flea market on the weekend. A business plan could give her a chance to step back from the normal flow and look at ways to develop and improve the business. The planning process should help her understand her business. It should help her define what she wants from the business, understand what her customers want, and decide how to optimize her business on her own terms. She might benefit from developing a simple sales and expense forecast, maybe even a profit and loss, so she can plan how to use and develop her resources. She might not need to create detailed cash flow, balance sheet, and business ratios. A simple plan may be just what she needs to get going.

This first stage of a plan, that we call the Concept Kick-Start, focuses only on a few starter elements. The Mission Statement, Keys to Success, Market Analysis, and Break-Even Analysis give you a critical head start toward understanding your business.

Outline Topic Table Chart

1.0 Executive Summary Highlights

1.1 Objectives

1.2 Mission

1.3 Keys to Success

2.0 Company Summary Startup Startup

Дата добавления: 2015-07-26