1. You mustn’t park on the pavements.
2. You should/had better go to Brighton for a week.
3. Shall I turn off the oven?
4. I would rather eat in than eat out tonight.
5. Can she have wrongly interpreted your words?
6. He looks very pleased, his work must have been approved.
7. We didn’t have wear school uniform at my school.
8. He can’t speak quietly!
9. You can’t have lost your keys again!
10. This text can’t have been difficult to translate.
11. We needn’t have worried so much.
12. You must finish by 5.
13. The decision may be announced next week.
14. You should leave before Jack gets back.
Ex. 39(A)
1. part of a compound verbal aspect predicate
2. part of a compound verbal aspect predicate
3. part of a compound verbal aspect predicate
4. part of a compound verbal aspect predicate
5. part of a compound verbal modal predicate
6. part of a compound verbal modal predicate
7. part of a predicative
8. a subject
9. part of a compound verbal aspect predicate
10. part of a compound verbal modal predicate
11. a predicative
12. part of a compound verbal aspect predicate
Ex. 43
1. This café used to be very popular.
2. Only now I am starting to understand that he is not the one to trust.
3. After his words she began to laugh.
4. To say that I don’t agree is to say nothing.
5. The words of this song are easy to remember.
6. She continued to lie and cry for a long time.
7. Soon I ceased to be useful to them.
8. My job is to have the same attitude towards all the clients.
9. You can’t help falling in love with these picturesque landscapes.
10. Robert used to ride a horse every day.
11. It took Kelvin 10 years to understand that he loves her.
12. Everything you can do is to obey his order.
13. It takes much work, patience and luck to achieve success.
14. The least I can do for him is to give him one more chance.
15. It hurt him to think about his past.
16. He continued to look at his watch.
17. To have won the Olympic medal drove him to despair.
Ex. 44 (A)
1. an object
2. an object
3. an object
4. an object
5. a conjunctive infinitive phrase as an object
6. an object
7. part of a compound verbal modal predicate; a subject
8. an object
9. part of a compound verbal aspect predicate; an object
10. an object
11. part of a compound verbal modal predicate
12. an object
13. predicative
14. part of a predicative
15. an object; part of a compound verbal modal predicate
16. an object
Ex. 46
1. to have been
2. to have warned
3. to have been offered
4. to be defeated; defeat
5. not to have warned
6. to be entertained
7. to be thought
8. to bother; to be given
9. to have seen
10. to have met
11. to have written
12. to hear; to have involved
13. to have been
14. to be told
15. to have been delivered; to appear
Ex. 49
1. when to be
2. how to live
3. how to win; what to do
4. who to complain
5. how much to leave
6. whether to wish
Ex. 52
A.
1. I find it advisable not to pay too much attention to what people say.
2. I call it good luck to have met you and known you.
3. He thought it better to say nothing.
4. I find it absurd to apply to them for help.
5. I consider it a mistake to have accepted their offer.
6. My blister made it a problem to walk.
B.
1. We considered it a great honour to be the representatives of the University.
2. He has made it a rule to read a couple of pages in French before going to bed.
3. It was such a lovely day. I thought it a pity to get up.
4. I felt it my duty to interfere in their quarrel at once.
5. I call it good luck to have learnt about their scheme beforehand.
6. Artists find it tedious to represent what exists.
7. They believed it worthwhile to try again.
Ex. 53
1. a) part of a predicative
b) an object
2. a) an object
b) part of a predicative
3. a) an object
b) part of a predicative
4. a) part of a predicative
b) an object
5. a) part of a predicative
b) part of a predicative
c) an object
6. a) an object
b) part of a predicative
7. a) an object
b) part of a predicative
8. an object; an object
9. an object
10. part of a predicative
11. an object
12. part of a predicative
13. an object
14. part of a predicative
Ex. 58 (A)
1. attribute
2. attribute
3. attribute
4. attribute
5. attribute
6. attribute
7. attribute
8. part of a predicative
9. attribute
10. attribute
11. part of a compound verbal modal predicate
12. attribute
13. object
14. attribute
15. object
16. attribute
17. subject
18. attribute
19. attribute
20. attribute
21. attribute
Ex. 62
1. Iceland is a great place that can be visited.
2. I had apparently nothing that I could fear.
3. There weren’t many children in the neighbourhood with whom you could play.
4. “Did they give you anything that you could drink?” I asked.
5. It was not the thing that could be said.
6. The first man who saw me was Tom.
7. This is a mineral that can be found only in this part of the country.
8. She was the only one who survived the crash.
9. The library has received a prospectus of the books which will be published this year.
10. She found no one whom she could admire.
11. I’ve got a suggestion that I can make to you.
12. They need a garden in which they can play.
13. A food mixer is a very useful gadget that you can have in your kitchen.
Ex. 63
1. A good housewife will always find something to do about the house.
2. There was nothing to keep him at home that night, and he gladly accepted the invitation.
3. He was the first person to come to the bar and the last to leave it.
4. He is not the man to shirk his duty.
5. We had no moment to spare.
6. The parcels are all sorted out. Here are the ones to be sent by air.
7. We have no time to lose.
8. The ship has arrived with the pictures to be displayed at the international exhibition.
9. We have five more reports to print.
10. There are no issues left to discuss.
11. Thank you very much, but I’ve got something better to do with my time.
12. He might have something to tell her.
13. I just want to look round and see if there’s anything to be done.
14. At the end of the year there was a great deal to do.
15. There are various things to be found fault with.
16. The questions to be submitted for discussion must be circulated two days before the opening session.
17. Do you have anyone to entrust the work to?
18. All I want is someone to listen to me.
19. All I want is someone to be listened to.
Ex. 67
1. … the third to go ….
2. His plans to travel ….
3. … much to live for.
4. … nothing to gain ….
5. … to pay attention to.
6. … the last to perform....
7. … a good deal to say....
8. … the feeling of nothing to worry about ….
9. … a note to say ….
10. … the first to be broken the news to.
11. … bed to sleep in.
12. The first person to enter ….
13. … the shelves of books to read and understand.
14. … teams to have scored ….
15. Correct
Ex. 68
1. to be said
2. to put
3. to trust
4. to welcome
5. to be remembered / to remember
6. to talk to
7. to have had
8. to boast about
9. to hang
10. to go to
Ex.71
1. A lot of people learn English in order to study in English.
2. What do I need to know in order to be a good doctor?
3. I came to live in the country so as to have trees around me instead of buildings.
4. You will need at least three teachers so as to have a hundred students.
5. She turned up early in order to get the room ready.
Ex.73
1. He called a car to take us to the station.
2. I got up at 6 in order not to be late for the morning train.
3. Everything was done so as to save him.
4. I wrote him a letter to remind him of his promise.
Ex.74
1. He felt too excited to sleep.
2. I am too weak to help you.
3. I didn’t know that the office was close enough to reach it on foot.
4. She speaks Spanish well enough to be an interpreter.
5. I was too tired to go up to the dining-room.
Ex. 78
1. The child is too small to understand your joke.
2. He was so astonished as not to utter a word.
3. It was such a performance as not to be forgotten easily.
4. It was too late to change anything.
5. He was a painter enough to value this painting.
Ex.85
1. He arrived at eleven o’clock and saw that everything was ready.
2. He rose and found Janet and the captain standing beside him.
3. He arrived at three o’clock and learnt that Fleur had gone out with the car at ten.
Ex. 86
1. Madeleine flew to New York only to discover that her daughter was on the Coast.
2. John hurried to the house to find that it was empty.
3. He opened his eyes to see clouds and drenched trees, to feel the drops splashing on his face.
4. Bill had toured the world to understand how true the saying was which went, “East or west, home is best”.
5. I came to find the door locked and the key hanging from a nail in the hall.
Ex.90
1. To have – an adverbial of result
2. To enlarge – an adverbial of purpose
3. To shuffle – an adverbial of comparison
4. To marry – an adverbial of result
5. To be understood, to be heard, to grow – adverbials of purpose
6. To visit – an adverbial of purpose; to be left – an adverbial of subsequent events
7. To know – part of a compound verbal modal predicate; to understand – an adverbial of purpose
8. To understand – an adverbial of result
9. Love – part of a compound verbal modal predicate; be loved – an adverbial of comparison
10. Do - part of a compound verbal modal predicate; agree – an adverbial of exception
11. To be unaware – an adverbial of result
12. To be called – an adverbial of result
Ex. 91
1. We got seats at the front so as to have a better view.
2. She did not have enough courage to say it to your face.
3. I prefer to stay at this hotel rather than look for something else.
4. I sat down and started watching only to realize that I had seen the film before.
5. It will be documented in such a way as to prevent misunderstanding.
6. The man made in my direction as if to stop me…
7. We arrived at the theatre to discover that the leading actor was sick.
8. Miss Pinkerton did not know a word of French, but she was too proud to confess it.
9. The girl waved her handkerchief so as to be taken notice of.
10. The voices seemed so distant as to be meaningless.
11. In order to be successful a new musical needs to have at least three great tunes.
12. To hear him speak, you might think he had never been in the wrong.
Ex.99
1. To realize – part of a compound verbal aspect predicate
2. To recover – a subject
3. To recover – an adverbial of purpose; begin and be - part of a compound verbal modal predicate
4. To find – an adverbial of subsequent events
5. To be deceived – an adverbial of result
6. To stand – an object
7. To move – a predicative; to be desired – an attribute
8. To describe – part of a predicative
9. To understand – a subject
10. To discuss – an object
11. To see – an adverbial of condition
12. To make things worse – a parenthesis; to open – an object; open – part of a compound verbal modal predicate
13. To have – an adverbial of subsequent events
14. To acquire – an attribute; to combine – a predicative; to discover – an adverbial of result
15. To be – an adverbial of time
Ex. 104
1. a complex subject
2. a complex attribute
3. a complex predicative
4. a complex subject
5. a complex adverbial of result
6. a complex attribute
7. a complex attribute
8. a complex predicative
9. a complex attribute
10. a complex object
11. a complex object
12. a complex attribute
13. a complex adverbial of result
14. a complex subject; a complex adverbial of comparison
15. a complex object
Ex. 109
1. The most important thing is for you to stay cool.
2. Let us wait for the parcel to be delivered.
3. It is unbelievable for him to have really meant it.
4. This is the day for them to remember for a long time.
5. He is the expert for you to consult.
6. I stood there waiting for the door to open.
7. I shall leave some money for them to spend.
8. Martin sent his family to his parents’ for them to have a good time there.
9. It is quite natural for them to have refused his proposal.
10. What I want is for you to be given a visa.
11. Phone the office for us to be met at the station.
12. When I became a vegetarian, I had to wait for some time for my organism to get used to it.
13. Mr. Marshall’s suggestion was for the contract to be signed without any delay.
14. The days have become too short for us to be walking for hours as we did in the summertime.
Ex. 115
1. to have done
2. to work
3. to have taken
4. go
5. come round
6. to shake / to be shaking / to be shaken
7. bore
8. creak; steal
9. to have died out
10. show
11. to have done
12. to happen; take
13. to live
14. happen; happen
15. to be impressed; to be unimportant
Ex. 120
1. The earthquake measured only two. I just felt my house shake.
2. People fail because they don’t consider their goals to be achievable.
3. I want to go to New York to see people suffer.
4. When we returned we found the work to have been done already.
5. Every generation imagines itself to be more intelligent than the previous one.
6. Women in charge don't like other women to be in charge.
7. Do you suppose love to last throughout all time?
8. A lot of people like snow. I find it to be an unnecessary freezing of water.
9. If I stay here I will just sit back and watch the world go by.
10. An optimist stays up to see the New Year come.
A pessimist stays up because he expects the old year to leave.
11. My wife says I never listen to her. At least I think her to have said something like that.
12. If God had really intended men to fly, he'd make it easier to get to the airport.
13. When you hear your friend speak in public, you may discover a new side to him.
14. Scientists reported some dolphins to learn English. However, they never reported any human to be learned dolphenese.
Ex. 123
1. thought it to be / to have been
2. want you to be
3. Would you like me to give
4. expect people to trust you
5. thinks himself to be wise; considers himself a fool
6. knew the key to the drawer to have been lost
7. makes people work; doesn’t let them rest
8. don’t want anyone to know
9. The boss ordered the work to be finished / to have been finished
10. to listen to them talk
11. Let the wind blow; the road go
12. to see her son-in-law suffer
13. Bad parents count on the television to be
14. believes every difficulty to give us an opportunity
15. watch someone do
16. consider him not to have lived
Ex. 129
1. to be
2. to cross; to turn
3. to be waiting / to have been waiting
4. to eat
5. to know; to have learnt
6. to have overflown; to be advancing
7. to forget
8. to be acquainted
9. to have been revealed
10. to be satisfied
11. to pause; to look
12. to have become
13. to arrive
14. to be
15. to be
Ex. 132
1. He is considered to be the best candidate to the post.
2. The truth is sure to come out.
3. The negotiations are said to be reaching a decisive stage.
4. This part of land is believed to have been once under the sea.
5. Our ways happened never to cross.
6. The answer is unlikely to please him.
7. Their headquarters turned out to be a one-room flat.
8. My fears proved to be groundless.
9. This test was supposed to be the final one.
10. The company is announced to be touring the country in the summer.
11. She appeared to be in high spirits.
12. The man’s mind seemed to be working with extraordinary freedom.
13. The morning sun is found to have more ultra-violet rays.
14. The air was felt to be growing colder.
15. I was made to agree to it.
Ex.139
1. Do – part of a compound verbal modal predicate; to give – a predicative
2. To spend – part of a compound verbal aspect predicate
3. To spend – an object
4. Come, see, do – part of a compound verbal modal predicate
5. To think of – an attribute
6. To read – a subject
7. To have come – part of a compound verbal modal predicate
8. To speak – an adverbial of result
9. To take back – an attribute
10. Me to read – a complex object
11. To warm – an adverbial of purpose
12. To ride – part of a predicative
13. To have disturbed – an object
14. To describe – part of a compound verbal aspect predicate
15. To dine – a subject
16. To drag – an adverbial of result
17. To be happening – a complex subject
18. For something better to come – a complex adverbial of purpose
Ex. 140
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. B
10. C
11. A
12. A
13. C
14. B
15. A
16. D
17. D
18. A
19. C
20. A
21. B
22. B
Ex.141
1. The house to be built here is designed for the workers of our plant.
2. I am glad to have been able to assist you.
3. He was too astonished to speak.
4. I left the window open to hear the music.
5. How thoughtful it was of him to have sent me the souvenirs.
6. She looked quickly at him as though to ask him for an explanation.
7. He came there only to be told that he might as well not to have come at all.
8. The lecture was interesting, and the students kept quiet in order not to miss a word.
9. My idea is for us to make a stop there for one or two days on our way back.
10. There was nothing in the article to interest him.
11. She read her composition a third time in order not to overlook a mistake.
12. It made me feel sad to see him in distress.
13. I went back to the stern and showed her how to hold the oar.
14. My younger sister is the kind of person to make a party go with a swing!
Ex.151
1. A
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. C
11. A
12. C
13. B
14. A
15. A
16. B, D
17. D
18. A, C
19. A
20. B
21. A
22. B
23. A
24. B
Ex. 153
| ACTIVE | PASSIVE | NON-PERFECT | PERFECT | |
| caught | arguing | |||
| rescuing | dying | |||
| tying | having shone | |||
| carried | preferring | |||
| dyeing | lying | |||
| being shrunk | having entered | |||
| being held | continuing | |||
| worrying | having occurred |
| NON-PERFECT ACTIVE | NON-PERFECT PASSIVE | PERFECT ACTIVE | PERFECT PASSIVE | PARTICIPLE II |
| being fought | having fought | having been fought | fought | |
| hurting | having hurt | having been hurt | hurt | |
| being struck | having struck | having been struck | struck | |
| hanging | being hung | having been hung | hung | |
| shooting | being shot | having shot | having been shot | |
| lighting | being lit | having lit | lit | |
| being taught | having taught | having been taught | taught | |
| hitting | being hit | having been hit | hit | |
| lending | being lent | having lent | having been lent | |
| feeding | being fed | having fed | fed | |
| laying | being laid | having laid | having been laid | laid |
| reading | being read | having read | having been read | |
| being seated | having seated | having been seated | seated | |
| being bitten | having bitten | having been bitten | bitten | |
| being relied | having relied | having been relied | relied |
Ex. 156
A.
1. Speaking
2. leading
3. Being badly wounded
4. Being struck
5. Fearing
6. Having been caught
7. admiring
B.
1. Rising
2. Having slept
3. closing
4. Having found
5. wounding
6. Noticing
7. trying
8. Having driven
C.
1. terrifying
2. Falling
3. told
4. Turning
5. parked
6. belonging
7. vanished; swallowed
Ex. 157
1. living
2. shaven
3. Hearing
4. Opening
5. carrying
6. being sold
7. Having being trained / Trained
8. expecting
9. lost; forgotten
10. turning; counting
11. founded; founded
12. having been brought up / brought up
13. being driven / driven; blowing
14. –wound
Ex. 159
1. Mary sat on a fallen tree.
2. The children were playing in the ruined cottage.
3. Hearing a familiar tune she smiled.
4. Having lost the book, he couldn’t prepare for the class.
5. They spent the evening looking through the family album.
6. He touched the hot pot, immediately withdrawing his hand.
7. Looking at her watch, she realized that she was late.
8. (While) reading an article the student wrote out lots of new expressions.
9. Looking back he noticed a taxi driver standing by his car.
10. The woman looked at the fence being painted by her sons.
11. Coming to the shop she understood that she had left her shopping list at home.
12. We couldn’t read the entire letter because of faded ink.
13. Having taken the final decision he told his parents about his plans.
14. Having returned from the round-the-world journey Charles Darwin published his famous work.
15. Not having been redecorated for over fifty years, the house looked horrifying.
16. Having been left / Left alone I looked around.
Ex. 162
1. sinking
2. watched
3. Stolen
4. passing
5. overcome
6. shut
7. knowing
8. hiding / hidden
9. torn
10. being sold
11. sent
12. being advertised
13. broken
14. being shown
15. being thrown / thrown
16. conflicting
Ex. 167
1. The children coming to the farm every Sunday helped her about the house.
2. The crew shooting now a new film refuses to give any interviews.
3. The film being shot now is a typical thriller.
4. The secretary typing letters looked very busy.
5. The letter being typed now is strictly confidential.
6. Trains leaving from this station take an hour to get to London.
7. The problem being discussed now is vital importance.
8. Peter seated himself in a leather chair facing the desk.
9. He speaks like a man having an opinion of everything.
10. The party being organized by Mary is likely to be a success.
11. There are thousands of people being held now in a traffic jam in Bridle Street.
12. The much loved theatre went up in flames one night.
Ex. 168
1. The book describing his entire life has become an instant bestseller.
2. The events and characters described in the book are purely fictional.
3. He acted on the plan worked out by him long time ago.
4. What do you know about the plan being worked out right now?
5. The movie being discussed by the newspapers will be a smash hit, I’m sure.
6. Stephen, listening to the unspoken speech behind the words, said nothing.
7. Customers complaining about the service should see the manager.
8. I couldn’t understand the expression on the face of a boy being bullied by his classmates.
9. It’s probably the only thing keeping me alive.
10. Chris looked at him with hope brightening his face.
11. She felt like a wife being constantly deceived by her husband.
12. Joe, shaken by my words more than he wanted to admit, shrugged his shoulders.
13. He listened to the tinkling of the ice cubes being shaken in her glass.
Ex. 171
Ex. 171
1. The number of apartment houses being built in the city is growing.
2. What is the number of apartment houses built in the past few years?
3. The workers building this house used new construction methods.
4. The workers who built this house are working in another city now.
5. Here are some samples of our products being sent to different parts of the country.
6. These are the samples of products sent last month.
7. Here is the list of plants sending the samples of their products to us.
8. Here is the list of plants which sent the samples of their products to us.
9. He was looking at the boy sitting on a chair in the garden.
10. The boy who sat on a chair in the garden left.
11. We came up to the man standing at the corner and asked him the way.
12. The surgeon who performed this operation promised the patient a speedy recovery.
13. Did you see in what direction the man who stood here went?
14. The people waiting for the doctor have been sitting here for a long time.
15. The people who waited for you have just gone.
16. The tourists arriving in the morning will be put up on the second floor of the hotel.
17. The tourists who arrived yesterday are having breakfast on the terrace now.
18. The dress which hung in the shop window has mysteriously disappeared.
19. The dress hanging in the shop window was admired by everybody.
Ex. 173
1) 1. known
2. who know
3. knowing
2) 1. raised
2. raising
3. who raised
3) 1. convincing
2. convinced
3. who convinced
4) 1. inspiring
2. who inspired
3. inspired
5) 1. seating
2. seated
3. who seated
6) 1. solved
2. who solved
3. solving
7) 1. closed
2. who close
3. who closed
4. closing
8) 1. who sent
2. who sends
3. sent
4. sending
9) 1. prepared
2. who prepares
3. preparing
4. who prepared
10) 1. welcoming
2. welcomed
11) 1. retired
2. who retired
12) 1. leaving
2. who left
13) 1. writing
2. who wrote
14) 1. filled
2. who fills
15) 1. who ate
2. eating
3. eaten
16) 1. who always gives
2. given
3. who gave
Ex. 175
1. He spoke broken English.
2. He took us to a boat waiting for us.
3. He looked round the garden with a satisfied smile.
4. The withered flowers were still in the vase.
5. You ask questions embarrassing me.
6. It took some tome for the old man working in the garden to notice me.
7. The boy who had been selling newspapers was nowhere to be seen.
8. Everybody liked the guests brought by my friend.
9. The rising sun lit the room with its rays.
10. The recently arrived relatives laughed in the entrance hall.
11. A well dressed stranger immediately attracted our attention.
12. A man called Harry promised to show to us the way through the labyrinth.
13. A soul which loved nobody is like a house never lived in.
14. The pictures which hung in room five are under restoration now.
15. The pictures bought by the museum are in room five.
16. One of the four people playing bridge asked for a cup of tea.
17. A man who brought a letter from Arthur wanted to talk to her eye to eye.
18. They often thought about their friends working in the Far East.
19. Our friends who worked in the Far East have recently come back.
20. The boy being examined by the doctor was brought to hospital an hour ago.
21. A man who dozed by the window suddenly woke up and asked the name of the station.
22. A man dozing by the window smiled in his sleep.
23. The new book being widely discussed now was written by a young talented author.
Ex. 179
1. horrifying
2. refreshing
3. deafening
4. done
5. beaten
6. earned out
7. encouraging
8. left
9. confusing
10. depressing
11. fed
12. appealing
13. grown
14. forgotten; remembered
15. gone
Ex. 182
A.
1. The house turned more crowded than usual.
2. Your story is/sounds amazing.
3. I am not inclined / don’t feel inclined to play games.
4. His answer was confusing.
5. The idea seemed disturbing.
6. The performance was mesmerizing.
7. His eyes seemed penetrating.
8. The smell from the dining-room is very enticing.
9. The windows were shuttered against the sun.
10. The measures they took seemed shocking.
11. Finch looked detached and lost in thought.
12. She got/grew bewildered.
13. These questions are embarrassing.
14. He remained/stayed exasperating.
B.
1. All charming people become spoilt.
2. The journey, indeed, was fascinating.
3. The sea looks inviting. I’ll have a dip.
4. There is little progress and it is frustrating.
5. The smell of garlic in the stuffy compartment grew penetrating.
6. Her happiness seemed overwhelming.
7. She doesn’t feel as convinced as she pretends.
8. The defeat in the battle was humiliating for him.
9. The speed they were driving at was terrifying.
10. She remained pretty satisfied with herself.
11. It is comforting to know about your support.
12. You are burning the candle at both ends. You look worn out.
Ex. 183
1. The news was shocking.
2. He looked frightened.
3. Freddie felt relieved.
4. His last letter was so touching.
5. Sooner or later a criminal gets/turns caught.
6. It is horrifying to think what he may do next.
7. All important matters were solved behind closed doors.
8. Her voice sounded bubbling.
9. My grandmother, who told me this family story, lives in another city.
10. Some scenes from this action film look horrifying.
11. He refused point blank to spend the money saved for the trip.
12. His voice remained dissatisfied.
13. The age of knights is gone.
14. It seems to be the letter shown to me by Uncle Jack.
15. There will be a new shop in the house being built in the square.
Ex. 184
1. when skiing – an adverbial of time
2. Jumping – an adverbial of time
3. going – an adverbial of manner
4. confused – an adverbial of reason
5. knocking over – an adverbial of attendant circumstances
6. Having missed – an adverbial of reason
7. Although told – an adverbial of concession
8. while pretending – an adverbial of time
9. as if exhausted – an adverbial of comparison
10. Entering – an adverbial of time; hurrying – an attribute; followed – an attribute
11. until sent for – an adverbial of time
12. Lying – an adverbial of time
13. if occupied – an adverbial of condition
14. Having been once found – an attribute
15. Having received – an adverbial of reason; disappointed – a predicative
16. as if having heard – an adverbial of comparison
17. being worn – an attribute
18. having seen – an adverbial of time
Ex. 185
1. Opening the door, Mark closed it softly.
2. Seeing them, he stopped to let them catch up with him.
3. Having said so, he left her and turned towards Soho.
4. Once printed, the words have a life of their own.
5. When attacked by gloomy thoughts, I run to my books.
6. Having reached the hotel, he went to their sitting-room and rang for tea.
7. Pulling up at the house, he was surprised to see no light in the windows.
8. Bowing to the Chairman, he walked out.
9. Taking a sheet of paper, the girl wrote the first words that came into her head.
10. While clearing the table she thought of the uselessness of such parties.
11. Never make a defence or an apology until accused.
Ex. 186
1. Being busy, he refused the invitation.
2. She stopped, not knowing which way to follow.
3. Mel stopped, having realized he was talking to himself.
4. Being sure he was right, he felt calm and undisturbed.
5. He didn’t notice me being absorbed / absorbed in his thought.
6. Knowing there were ants in the grass, I didn’t want to sit down.
7. Having been taken / Being taken / Taken by surprise, they had nothing to say.
8. Having been frightened / Being frightened / Frightened by the thunder, the dog began to howl.
9. Being unable to sleep, she took a couple of sleeping pills.
10. Having forgotten the meaning of the word the student had to look it up in the dictionary.
11. Having heard the story before, she didn’t want to hear it again.
12. Not having tried it before, I don’t know whether I like it or not.
13. Having been written / Written without thought, the book required no thought from those who read it.
14. Opportunity is missed by most people, being dressed in overalls and looking like work.
Ex. 187
1. Being satisfied with the deal....
2. Being an optimist….
3. When in Rome..,.
4. Being superstitious....
5. When a schoolboy..,.
6. Being hurt by his behaviour....
7. When on a business trip..,.
8. When on the round-the-world voyage..,.
Ex. 188
1. He left the room, trying not to wake up his nephew. (an adverbial of manner)
2. He sat by the open window watching the people passing by. (an adverbial of attendant circumstances)
3. She answered all my questions calmly trying to look indifferent. (an adverbial of manner)
4. He left the room again, closing the door behind him with a bang. (an adverbial of subsequent events)
5. I spent hours balancing pros and cons of either course of action. (an adverbial of manner)
6. The servnt entered the room carrying the coffee for Mrs. Davids. (an adverbial of attendant circumstances)
7. She smoked all the time usually lighting a fresh cigarette from the end of the last. (an adverbial of manner)
8. He stood before the house where he grew as a child thinking of many things. (an adverbial of attendant circumstances)
9. In the evening they caught some fish, eating part of it and saving the rest for breakfast. (an adverbial of subsequent events)
10. Excited, she poured herself a cup of coffee, putting it aside untouched a minute later. (an adverbial of subsequent events)
Ex. 189
1. I cannot sleep unless surrounded by books. (an adverbial of condition)
2. Nothing is particularly hard if divided into small jobs. (an adverbial of condition)
3. She nodded as if convinced by what he was saying. (an adverbial of comparison)
4. Natali gave me a very long look as if seeing me for the first time. (an adverbial of comparison)
5. Even if asked, she will give only a vague answer. (an adverbial of condition)
6. He listened as though brooding. (an adverbial of comparison)
7. A thought often remains original though uttered a hundred times. (an adverbial of concession)
8. Although having lived there for a long time, he knew very few people in the neighbourhood. (an adverbial of concession)
9. A beautiful woman could look good even if dressed in a potato sack. (an adverbial of condition)
10. Daisy took her face in her hands as if feeling its lovely shape. (an adverbial of comparison)
11. A complicated problem becomes still more complicated if looked at in the right way. (an adverbial of condition)
12. If having knowledge, apply it; if not having it, confess your ignorance. (an adverbial of condition)
Ex. 192
1. She moved her lips, as if counting something.
2. When taking a child to the circus, I always know I’m going to enjoy myself.
3. Not having had lunch, she wanted her tea badly.
4. Entering the room, I felt some change in the atmosphere at once.
5. He had sprung to action as if frightened by something.
6. Having passed the last exam, he began to look around for a job.
7. Although liking dogs, he never let them come into his house.
8. Can a deed be right if done for the wrong reason?
9. Having walked most of the night, she felt tired and sleepy.
10. I declined his offer of a loan saying that I didn’t like owing people money.
11. Having heard your side of the question, I am more inclined to agree with you.
12. We shall go by train as far as Odessa, then take a boat to Batumi, finally returning by plane.
13. Having been warned / Warned that bad weather lay ahead, the ship’s captain changed the course.
14. When told that he would go there by plane, he felt excited, never having travelled by air before.
Ex. 197
1. Having recognised me....
2. Dropping a coin and picking up the receiver....
3. … as if keeping….
4. Being a cheerful person....
5. … when used….
6.... when telling about that case....
7. When in Rome..,.
8. Having knocked twice and having received no answer..,.
9. Pushing the door... opening it....
10. Having finished the lecture... waiting for....
11. …having been asked….
12. If disturbed.., leaving….
13. …though made of iron….
14. …as if struck by thunder.
15.... coming back....
16. When in high spirits....
Ex. 202
1. Frankly speaking, this colour is an eyesore.
2. Putting it mildly / Mildly speaking, the remark was unkind.
3. Broadly speaking / Generally speaking, I can’t give full support to your plans.
4. He looked at the house being built on the opposite bank of the river.
5. Judging by how he acts, he knows what he is talking about.
6. He had receding hair smoothed back.
7. Strictly speaking, the experiment being carried out now will be of high importance for future work.
8. The voice in the dark sounded horrifying.
9. Putting it crudely / Stated bluntly, I feel nothing but contempt.
10. There is no remedy for broken heart.
11. As mentioned above, ancient Romans adopted many things originated from Greece.
12. The luggage, all packed, lay on the floor by the door.
13. The photograper who took this photo is well known abroad, saying nothing of his native town.
14. Jim felt too depressed to listen to their conversation.
15. She didn’t give the answer, though knowing it.
16. The book looks as if damaged by rain.
Ex. 205
1. Noticing me, she stopped.
2. Be careful when crossing the street.
3. A drowning man catches at a straw.
4. He sounded disappointed.
5. His arguments are quite convincing.
6. Remember that time lost never comes back.
7. Having explained everything in detail he took his seat.
8. This thing is fragile. It will break if dropped.
9. He bowed when introduced to the hostess.
10. Having seen off their son they went back slowly from the station.
11. Putting it mildly / Mildly speaking, not everybody approved of such dangerous plan.
12. The man who asked the way to the station suddenly disappeared.
13. Having been left / Left alone he began to unpack things.
14. Leaving a coat in the cloakroom you get a cloakroom ticket.
15. Having left our belongings at the left-luggage office, we went sightseeing.
16. Things left at the left-luggage office are stored for twenty days.
17. You can get back you possessions left on a tram at the terminal station.
18. The man who left his suitcase at the station has just come back.
19. Passengers leaving their belongings at the left-luggage office get a left-luggage ticket.
20. Having left my luggage at the station I couldn’t change my clothes.
21. Having been warned / Warned ahead, he was able to prepare a brilliant report.
22. He looked puzzled as if told / having been told about something incredible.
23. When on stage, he felt the most outstanding actor in the world.
24. Running downstairs she stopped for a while as if wondering where to go.
25. Sitting in the garden we talked about our trip to Venice as if living through every moment again.
Ex. 208
1. dancing
2. get and drive
3. talking
4. make
5. put and leave
6. sing; singing; sing
7. picking
8. playing; play
Ex. 211
1. I can smell the smoke coming from behind the door.
2. I had heard these topics being argued for years.
3. I left him talking to Bob.
4. Mrs Mooney watched the table being cleared and the broken bread being collected.
5. I’d better not catch you stubbing out a cigarette on a table top again.
6. I will have you driving in three days.
7. If you don’t feel yourself growing in your work, you have not found your place.
8. A person is always startled when he hears himself being called an old man for the first time.
9. If you give all-night parties, you will have your neighbours complaining.
10. No man likes his intelligence questioned. (Especially if he has doubts about himself.)
11. When I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel an impulse to see it being tried on him personally.
12. When you make a sensible remark, you will often find it reported in the most grotesque form.
Ex. 212
1. I watched the plane touch down on the central runway.
2. I saw the man hesitating before he closed the door.
3. They have never seen the girl cry.
4. I felt her touch my hand suddenly.
5. The children watched the balloon burst when it flew over the roof.
6. They saw the speaker take up his notes and make for the platform.
7. He felt his heart give a sudden start.
8. I felt someone watching me from a distance.
9. I smelt something burning in the oven.
10. We watched the flag submarine coming to the surface.
11. I won’t allow my word doubted / to be doubted.
12. We don’t want anything to be changed here.
13. I am not going to let him sit down to dinner in his overalls..
Ex. 219
A.
1. I should have my eyesight tested.
2. You should have your blood test done.
3. I had a coat made at the dress-maker’s.
4. He left to have his blood pressure taken.
5. You should have your watch fixed.
6. We have finally got the house painted.
7. She went to the dentist to have her teeth stopped.
8. I will have a birthday cake made at the bakery.
9. I had my dog vaccinated.
10. Why didn’t you have the bad tooth extracted?
11. You should have had your hair cut long ago.
B.
1. When do you want your dinner served?
2. He had us laughing throughout the dinner.
3. Natalie had coffee and sandwiches served.
4. I have to keep money hidden from Henry.
5. Get the rooms aired by our arrival.
6. I won’t have anything being said about her.
7. We have people standing on our doorsteps every day.
8. Do you have an interview today? I’ll keep my fingers crossed for you.
9. Can you get the radio working?
10. It is easy to ignore freedom if you have never had it taken away from you.
11. You will find yourself being talked of.
12. I couldn’t have my only son expelled from college.
13. The more I want to get something done, the less it looks like work.
14. He lacked experience and it made itself known.
Ex. 220
1. Can you hear a child crying?
2. It was hard to see him defeated.
3. The lawyer didn’t consider the case (to be) lost.
4. It’s a hard blow to find yourself deceived.
5. I overheard them talking about you.
6. Entering the room I found Julie packing luggage.
7. Clare wanted potatoes (to be) roasted, not boiled.
8. Tatiana found all the family gathered.
9. I have never had such treatment tried out on me.
10. I noticed Mom look at me and turn away.
11. I won’t have him cleaning his bicycle in the kitchen.
12. Suddenly he felt himself being dragged down from the horse.
13. I have never heard this canary sing. Is there anything wrong with it?
14. Natalie found the cat trying to steal fish from the table.
15. She smiled when she heard herself being described as a middle-aged woman.
16. If you don’t want your car stolen, keep it locked in the garage.
17. I felt something moving in the room and saw a butterfly hovering under the chandelier.
18. Coming home the owners found the dog fed and their possessions stolen.
Ex. 221
1. George had his nose broken in a fight.
2. I consider the problem solved.
3. He shot, wounding one of the gangsters.
4. She looked at his worn out suit.
5. She looked as if hurt / having been hurt by somebody.
6. If given time, they may agree.
7. Strictly speaking, it’s not what I expected.
8. I saw their car being stopped<
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