That Spot

I don’t think much of Stephen Mackay any more. If ever I meet him again, I shall not be responsible for my actions. It passed beyond me that a man with whom 1 shared food and blanket should turn out the way he did. I always sized Steve up as a square man, without an iota of anything malicious in his nature. I shall never trust my judgement about men again.

We started down the Klondike in the fall of 1897. We had to buy dogs. That was how we came to get that Spot. Dogs were high, and we paid one hundred and ten dollars for him. He looked worth it. We called him Spot, for on one side, in the thick of the mixed yellow-brown-red-and-dirty-white (that was his prevailing color) there was a spot of coal-black. He was the strongest-looking brute I ever saw in Alaska, also the most intelligent-looking. Once I sat and looked into that dog’s eyes till the shivers ran up and down my spine, what of the intelligence I saw shining out. The eyes never pleaded, they challenged. But in my judgement it was unconscious on his part.

We paid a hundred and ten dollars for Spot from the bottom of our sack, and he wouldn’t work.

Steve spoke to him the first time we put him in harness, and he sort of shivered, that was all.

On top of that, Spot was the cleverest thief. We nearly starved to death on the Stewart because of him. He stole from everybody.

At the end of the first week we sold him to the Mounted Police. A week later we woke up in the morning to the bitterest dog-fight we’d ever heard: it was Spot who had come back and was knocking the team into shape. So we made money out of Spot. He was such a fine looker that we had no difficulty in selling him and no one asked for the money back.

But there was no getting rid of Spot. I might have become a millionaire on the Klondike but for Spot. He got on my nerves. I was worn down to skin and bone for that Spot. And in the summer of 1899 I pulled out. But I fixed it up all right with Steve. I left a note for him. At last I could sigh with relief. I was beside myself with joy.

And then I got up one morning and found that Spot chained to the gate-post and holding up the milkman. At the sight of him I almost lost consciousness. I learned later that Steve had been to San- Francisco and had gone to Seattle that very morning without looking me up, so Spot will be with me until I die, for he’ll never die.

That is why I am disappointed in Stephen Mackay.

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Why doesn’t the author think much of Stephen Mackay?

When did they start their trip down the Klondike?

How much did they pay for Spot?

Why did the author left Klondike in 1899?

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ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS

Electronic circuits work a thousand times more rapidly than nerve cells in the human brain. A problem that takes the “human brain 2 years in order to solve it can be solved by a computer in one minute. The heart of the electronic computer is its vacuum tubes or transistors. In order to work a computer must have instructions; this is called “programming”.

There are two main types of electronic computers: analogue and digital. In analogue computers problems are solved by analogy, the problems which analogue computers can solve are the following: mechanical forces, speeds, rotations, etc. Analogue computers are used for investigation of mechanical processes, in general, they are used for scientific and engineering problems in which great accuracy is not required but answers accurate enough are required quickly.

In digital computers problems are solved by counting. They may be very large and powerful. All the data connected with the problem which must be solved are converted into electrical pulses by very fast electronic switches and these pulses are stored and counted. With modern electronic devices a single switching operation can take place in a few nanoseconds (a nanosecond is a thousand-millionth of a second).

Kyoto University reported that it had developed a computer that “talks and translates” English into Japanese. The university said that the computer refused to translate any questions put in bad English. “It simply keeps quiet if someone asks a question in bad English,” said the professor, head of the group that had developed the computer.

It took five years to develop the machine. 8000 English words, 4000 English phrases and their Japanese equivalents were built into the computer, which sorts out sentences which are on punched cards and supplies a vocal translation within 20 seconds.

The newspaper The Times (London) writes: “’Time is money’ is one of the foundations of the Ministry’s of Transport approaches to transport problems.” If we can save a lot of people time on their daily journeys to work, then we are saving a part of the nation’s money. That is why a computer-controlled traffic experiment was carried out in West London. One of the objects of the experiment was to make more efficient use of road space.

The scheme involves more than 100 sets of signals which are connected to a computer in New Scotland Yard. More than 500 detectors count the cars passing over them and display the information on a master panel. The computer adjusts traffic signals and gives a free flow of traffic.

In future when the system is fully developed the computer will hold in its memory different traffic conditions, for example, morning and evening rush hours. Computing machines even may play draughts and chess. Computers are going to be the driving force behind a second industrial revolution, just as the steam was in the first.

Завдання до тексту:

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What works more rapidly, a computer or a human brain?

What are the main types of electronic computers?

How long did it take Kyoto University specialists to develop the computer that “Talks and translates” English into Japanese?

What may a computer play?

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GEORGE AND ROBERT STEPHENSONS

George Stephenson won world-wide acclaim with his Rocket but he said that much of the credit belonged to his son Robert. Robert supervised the building of the Rocket, and later improved some parts in its construction.

Father and son were always very friendly. Robert was born in 1803, and his mother died before he was three years old. This brought the boy nearer to his father.

One thought above all others was in George Stephenson's mind: at all costs Robert should have some schooling. He worked long and hard to send the boy first to a village school, then to a school in Newcastle. Robert wore clothes made by his father and went to school on a donkey, because there was no money to buy a horse.

Robert's first period of schooling ended when he was twelve, but during his few years of schooling he was a teacher as well a pupil, because what he learned by day he taught his father in the evening.

In 1815 George Stephenson invented a miner's lamp-the Geordie lamp, as it is still called, for use in the mines. For this invention he was given a large sum of money and so he could send Robert to Edinburgh University for a six-month course. From that time on, for many years father and son worked closely together.

In 1821, when George Stephenson was asked to make a survey for the Stockton to Darlington Railway, his chief assistant was Robert.

They worked closely together again when they built the Liverpool to Manchester Railway. Then, as George Stephen-son grew older and could not work much, he watched with pride as Robert gained achievements on his own, without his father's help.

Robert Stephenson built, for example, the Birmingham to London Railway, the first line to the British capital. For many years he built railways all over the world. Yet he is perhaps better remembered as a bridge-builder. He built bridges in Britain, in Canada and on the Nile.

A monument to father and son was erected in Westminster Abbey.

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MICHAEL FARADAY, THE FATHER

OF THE ELECTRIC – MOTOR

One of the great names in the history of man's work in electricity is that of Michael Faraday. He was born in a small village near London on Septem­ber 22,1791 in a poor family. His father, a blacksmith, could feed his family with difficulty, and could not even dream of an education for his boy.

As a boy Michael did not have much schooling. He had to work, and he had to learn a trade. So in 1804, when he was thirteen, he went to work in a bookbinder's shop. The work was not very interesting. At first he delivered the ready books. Later he learnt how to bind books.

He lived among books. Some of the scientific works which passed through his hands aroused his interest in science and he started to read. The boy could not read every book in the shop because he was busy and had not much time. He began to take home the books which he liked best.

Once he ran across an article on electricity. When Faraday began to read it he knew nothing of the subject, but it struck his imagination. Soon his chief interest was in science, and especially in electricity and chemistry. He read as much as he could on these subjects. He made careful notes from the books that interested him most.

To learn a science well it is necessary not only to read, but to experiment as well. Like all true scientists, Faraday wanted to make experiments. He had very little money, but he saved his few pennies and bought a cheap and simple apparatus and some materials. The more he studied, the more interested he became. Lectures on scientific subjects were at that time being given in London. Faraday wanted to go to these lectures, but he had to pay a shilling for this and at first he could not go. He told his brother about his difficulty. Although his brother was a working man in London and not at all rich himself he gave Michael the shilling.

Davy's Рupil

Faraday also heard of other talks on science which were being given by an outstanding scientist and the most popular lecturer in London at that time, Sir Humphry Davy. He was able to go to these too, and as he sat and listened, he took notes and made drawings to illustrate them.

Davy was interested in many fields of science. He had already discovered the value of laughing gas as an anaesthetic, and he showed his listeners how to make a lamp which was safe in coal-mines.

As Faraday learnt more about electricity, he grew discontented with his work at the bookbinder's shop. He wanted to devote his life to science, but he could not see how he could do this. At last, in his poor room, he wrote a letter to Humphry Davy. He told him of his great interest in science and his desire to do scientific work and asked for his help. In the letter he put some of the notes which he had made when he was listening to Davy, and also some of his drawings.

Davy wrote Faraday a kind reply. He asked Faraday to come to see him, and offered to give him an opportunity to do scientific research. Faraday was delighted, but he had to start at the bottom.His work at first was to wash appa­ratus and prepare what Davy and the other scientists used in their experiments. But Faraday could now work in the company of scientists. He.could hear what they said when they talked together; and he could watch them at work.

Davy sometimes took trips to Europe, where he met great scientists of other countries, and one day he asked Faraday if he wanted to go with him. Faraday, of course, was glad. He had never been more than a few miles from London in his life, and now he would meet some of the great men of science. The journey lasted a year and a half. It was a wonderful experience and the educational value of Faraday's trip to Europe was great. Faraday learned much during the trip and he met, among other people, Volta and Ampere.who had already made a name for themselves in the history of electricity.

Дата добавления: 2015-07-18