Lexical Exercises. Exercise 1.Find the English equivalents for the words and word- combinations given below.

Exercise 1. Find the English equivalents for the words and word- combinations given below.

большинство чистых металлов; сплав; мягкий металл беловатого цвета; оружие, сделанное из бронзы; Бронзовый век; износостойкость; упоминать; ошибка; добывать олово.

Exercise 2. Match the English words and word-combinations given below

with their Russian equivalents.

1. mixed with tin 1. либо бронза, либо медь

2. return journey 2. до нашей эры

3. a main export 3. в сочетании с

4. BC (before Christ) 4. в сочетании с оловом

5. the Old Testament 5. обратное путешествие

6. in combination with 6. Ветхий Завет

7. either bronze or copper 7. основной предмет экспорта

Exercise 3. Answer the following questions

1. Why was bronze a great improvement on copper? 2. What does bronze consist of? 3. Where were the major tin deposits located? 4. What alloy was produced of zinc in combinations with copper? 5. Why was brass valued more than bronze?

Exercise 4. Look through the text and find the words which mean

the same as:

find out; arms; so; in combination with; way back; mistake;

advance; principle.

Exercise 5. More about word-building: Adverbs.

Rule: to change an adjective into an adverb add -ly:

close - closely; easy - easily; heroic - heroically

Certain other words have the same form whether they are adjectives or adverbs:

a fast train - it came fast

a short time - he stopped short

an early bird - he rose early

a hard worker - he works hard

a close decision – he came close

Change the following adjectives into adverbs:

firm; usual; punctual; hard; manual; graphic; early; economic; normal; heavy; synthetic; extravagant; careful; wonderful; fast.

Exercise 6. Translate at sight.

1. Shaping of Metals. The last stage in smelting usually involves the casting of the metal into a mould. This mould may be shaped to the form desired in the finished article, the process being known as founding or casting. On the other hand the metal may be cast into a mould of simple form such as an ingot for subsequent shaping by such mechanical working methods as forging, rolling, extrusion, etc.

2. Requirements for blast furnace performance have increased dramatically over the last 15 years. Productivity and daily output must be high: downtime must be minimal. Operating and maintenance cost must be as low as possible. Campaign life of a blast furnace can last as long as 15 years nowadays, without any major repair.

Task 3.

Focus on Grammar

Infinitive

Infinitive Active Passive

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