Калькирование

Правила калькирования

1. Калькирование применяется в тех случаях, когда требуется создать осмысленную единицу в переводном тексте и при этом сохранить элементы формы или функции исходной единицы.

2. Калькирование используется для передачи части географических названиий, именований историко-культурных событий и объектов, титулов и званий, названий учебных заведений, государственных учреждений, музеев, терминов и т. п.

3. В некоторых случаях калькирование применяется наряду с транскрипцией и лексико-семантическим модулированием.

4. В ряде ситуаций калькирование сопровождается процессами свертывания/развертывания исходной единицы, a в зависимости от типологических характеристик двух языков.

Упражнения

Упражнение1: Выделите в тексте единицы, подлежащие либо транскрипции, либо калькированию, либо смешанному переводу и переведите текст.

The main body of the Salish, from whom the Bella Coola have become separated, occupy a large and continuous area in southern British Columbia and Western portion of the State of Washington. They also occupy the eastern part of Vancouver Island, south of Cape Mudge, and the southern end of the Island around Victoria. On the mainland of British Columbia and the state of Washington the boundaries are less definite. Salish-speaking peoples live along the Frazer River and occupy its large tributary, the Thompson River. These interiour Salish tribes, the Thompson, Lillooet, and Shuswap, have never been considered as possessing the culture of the coast peoples since their houses, dress, food, religion, and quite different not only from those of the Northwest Coast, but from their other neighbours as well.

Упражнение2: Выделенные курсивом элементы текста подлежат смешанному переводу с использованием транскрипции и калькирования: определите, какие из них требуют процедуры свертывания/развертывания. Переведите текст.

Potlatch

The word “potlatch“ comes from the Chinook jargon and originally meant “to give“. In its common ise among the white people and the natives of the Northwest Coast it has taken on a very general meaning and applied to any Indian festival at which property is given away. Because of this loose and general meaning there necessarily exists a good deal of confusion as to what is meant by the term. From the Indian’s viewpoint many different things are meant when he uses the Chinook word in speaking to white people, for it is the only word intelligible to them by means of which he can refer to a considerable number of ceremonies or festivals each having its own Indian name.

Упражнение3: Проследите, как меняется структура выделенных курсивом языковых единиц под воздействием перевода способом калькирования. Прокомментируйте причины изменений, предложите различные варианты таких калек.

When the Nazis invaded the Soviet union in 1941, Hitler’s orders were to obliterate every trace of Russian culture. German armies systematically torched and pillaged museums, libraries, and other artistic treasures. During the nine-hundred-day siege of Leningrad, the Nazis used Pavlovsk as a military headquarters. They looted and destroyed whatever the found, cut down seventy thousand trees in the park, and, when they were forced to retreat, burned the palace beyond recognition. But just before the siege, the Russians managed to evacuate thousands of objects d’art— paintings, rare furniture, clocks, porcelain, chandeliers—and hide them in Leningrad and Siberia. Barely recovered from the horrors of the siege, and while the war was still being waged, a group of dedicated museum specialists, helped by thousands of citizens, determined to restore Pavlovsk to its original splendour. Scores of young Russians were recruited to learn and re-create the eighteenth-century craftsmanship found in every aspect of Pavlovsk interior.

Дата добавления: 2015-07-16