Example 63. [14C] urea

Example 64. Many authors have described a link between metabolic syndrome and the subsequent development of diabetes [1, 3, 10].

Hyphens

Example 65. all-, ex-, half-, quasi-, self-, hex-

Example 67.

aero	electro	meta	pre
after	exo	micro	pro
ante	extra	mid	pseudo
anti	geo	mid	re
astro	hemo	mini	semi
auto	hyper	multi	sub
bi	hypo	non	super
bio	in	over	supra
chemo	infra	photo	trans
co	inter	physio	un
counter	iso	poly
de	macro	post

Example 68.

multiply	multi-ply
recover	re-cover
unionize	un-ionize

Example 69. the T-cell, 10-cylinder

Example 70. post-Newtonian universe, ex-Soviet scientist

Example 71. –designate, -elect, -type

Example 72, light-year, light year

Example 73.

noun – adverb	hands-on applications
adjective compounds in -ed or -ing	cone-shaped piece of stock problem-solving steps
coordination compounds	Paper-and-pencil skills Garbage in-garbage out (GIGO) is the description the computer personnel used for invalid data inputs and sometimes disastrous results
Compounds expressing numerals and fractions	two-dimensional shapes four-sided figure 8-foot length

Example 74.

open phrase	phrase used as an adjective
The investigation was carried out on the spot.	They carried out an on-the-spot investigation.
He is out of work.	He is an out-of-work miner.

laser-alignment process [compound modifier + noun]

laser alignment [modifier + noun]

the two-tube combiner

wire-grid aperture cap [aperture cap for a wire grid]

wire grid-aperture cap [a wire cap for a grid aperture]

wire-grid level adjustment

wire grid-level adjustment

heavy-water cavity [a cavity for heavy water]

heavy water cavity [a water cavity that is heavy]

Example 75. twenty-one moving parts

the thirty-third experiment

four-fifths of the subjects

Example 76. pages 25-63

sections 15.2-15.8

1901-1911

from 1901 to 1911

Example 77. The first-order, second-order, and third-order equations have all been solved.

The first-, second-, and third-order equations have all been solved.

2- and 3-phase controllers

Dashes

Example 78. Although we have made these comments with specific reference to water--only because of our familiarity with water--all pure substances exhibit the same behavior.

Example 79.

Name of Dash	Symbol	Appropriate Use
en dash	–	The en dash shows relational distinction in a hyphenated or compound modifier if one element consists of two words or a hyphenated word, or when the word being modified is a compound. Multiple sclerosis–like symptoms, Krebs-Henseleit–bufered solution, post–World War II, non–English-language journals
em dash	—	Not used in scientific writing because it indicates a sudden interruption or break in thought (Punctuation Marks Indicating Emotion).
2-em dash	——	Not used in scientific writing.
3-em dash	———	Not used in scientific writing.

Comma Splice

Example 80.

Unacceptable

In 1931 Oppenheimer attempted to find an equation for the photon that would be an analogue to Dirac's equation for the electron, he failed in this effort.

Acceptable

In 1931 Oppenheimer attempted to find an equation for the photon that would be an analogue to Dirac's equation for the electron. He failed in this effort.

Acceptable

In 1931 Oppenheimer attempted to find an equation for the photon that would be an analogue to Dirac's equation for the electron; he failed in this effort. [or "... electron; however, he failed..."]

Acceptable

In 1931 Oppenheimer attempted to find an equation for the photon that would be an analogue to Dirac's equation for the electron, but he failed in this effort.

Acceptable

Although in 1931 Oppenheimer attempted to find an equation for the photon that would be an analogue to Dirac's equation for the electron, he failed in this effort.

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