Read and translate the text. The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue.

The human body consists of biological systems, that consist of organs, that consist of tissues, that consist of cells and connective tissue.

The history of anatomy has been characterized, over a long period of time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of organs and structures in the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of animals through dissection of fresh and preserved cadavers (dead human bodies) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.

Human anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry are basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school.

The human body is the entire structure of a human organism and comprises a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 100 trillion cells, the basic unit of life. These cells are organised biologically to eventually form the whole body.

The average height of an adult male human (in developed countries) is about 1.7–1.8 m tall and the adult female is about 1.6–1.7 m tall. Height is largely determined by genes and diet. Body type and composition are influenced by factors such as genetics, diet, and exercise.

The prinicipal parts of the human body are the head, the trunk, and limbs (extremities).

The head consists of of 2 parts: the skull contains the brain and the face including forehead, the eyes, nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin.

Each eye has the eyelids and the eyelashes that grow along the edge of the eyelids. There are the eyebows over our eyes. The eyes serve as the organ of sight.

The nose is the organ of smell through which we breathe.

The ear includes 3 principal parts: the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear.

The mouth has 2 lips: the upper and the lower lip. The tongue which is the organ of taste, teeth and hard and soft palates are located in the mouth.

The head is connected with the the trunk by the neck.

The upper part of the trunk is the chest. The principal orgas in the chest are the lungs, the heart and the esophagus (gullet).

The lower part of the trunk called abdomen consists of the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the intestines, the kidneys, the gallbladder and the bladder.

The surface of the body from the neck to the buttocks is called the back.

The waist is the narrow middle part of the body above the hips.

When we speak of the upper extremety we mean the arm. The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder consists of the upper arm, the forearm, the elbow, the wrist and the hand. We have 5 fingers on each hand. A short finger set apart from the other is called the thumb. The lower extremity called the leg consists of the hip (thigh), the knee, the calf, the ankle and the foot. The foot is composed of the toes, the heel, the sole and the arch. The nail is a hard part at the end of a toe and finger.

The framework of bones called the skeleton supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury. The bones are covered with muscles.

The body is covered with the skin.

8. Answer the questions:

1. What are the principal parts of the human body?

2. What does the face consist of?

3. What does the face include?

4. What is the organ of taste?

5. Where do eyelashes grow?

6. What do we breathe through?

7. What are the principal organs in the chest?

8. What does the upper/lower extremity consist of?

9. What supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury?

10. What are the bones covered with?

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