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Geologists believe that the westward movement of the North and South American continents is forcing the Pacific plate downward into the mantle.
Common Nouns
A common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense – usually, you should write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun.
In each of the following sentences, the common nouns are highlighted:
Mantle around the inner core is formed by heavy minerals.
Geologists distinguish among four types of unconformities.
Reservoirs formed by folding usually have the shape of anticlines or domes.
Tectonic movement raises buried rock to the surface.
Sometimes you will make proper nouns out of common nouns, as in the following examples:
The largest deposits lie along seacoasts, such as along the Gulf of Mexico and the Persian Gulf.
In the North Sea, oil has accumulated in sediment-filled grabens beneath the ocean floor.
Write the following nouns and word-combinations in plural
reservoir rock
liquid
artificial mean
petroleum company
sedimentary formation
accumulation
a film of water
available porosity
oil-water contact line
low temperature
7 Finish the sentences with the singular or plural form of the nouns
1 A ……………….(fluid) is any substance that will flow.
2 Petroleum …………….(company) prefer that a reservoir contain all three fluids
3 ……………..(reservoir) usually contain natural gas along with oil.
4 The ……………….(rock) do not increase the water pressure.
5 The deeper the ………………….(swimmer) goes, the greater the pressure.
6 Natural …………..(gas) is a fluid but not a liquid in its natural state.
7 The industry has made a significant ………….(step) forward.
8 …………………….(geologist) want to find the oil-water contact line.
9 The overlying rock ………………..(formation) do add to the reservoir pressure.
10 Oil and water are ………………..(liquid) as well as fluids.
TRANSLATION SECTION
Translate the following sentences from English into Ukrainian
1 The salt water that remains in the formation is called connate interstitial water.
2 The energy supplied by gas under pressure is probably the most valuable drive for forcing oil out of reservoirs.
3 Reservoir rock usually contains three fluids: in addition to oil and gas, it contains salt water.
4 Gas in solution occupies space in a reservoir, and geologists allow for this space when calculating how much oil is in the reservoir.
5 Dissolved gas lowers the viscosity of the oil (its resistance to flow), making the oil easier to move to the wellbore.
6 Natural gas is a fluid but not a liquid in its natural state, although it can be liquefied by artificial means.
7 Oil, which is lighter than water and will not readily mix with it, makes room for itself in the pores of reservoir rock by pushing the water downward.
8 Most oil reservoirs are sedimentary formations that were deposited in or near the sea.
9 Petroleum companies prefer that a reservoir contain all three fluids in layers because the pressure of gas and water can often drive oil out of the rock to the surface, making pumping unnecessary.
10 Given proper conditions, such as high pressure and low temperature, natural gas will stay in solution in the oil while in the reservoir.
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