Distribution of the Fluids

Geologists want to find the level in the reservoir where layers of oil and water touch, the oil-water contact line. This line is important because, to get the maximum amount of oil from the reservoir, the oil company does not want to pump up water with the oil. Practically all reservoirs have water in the lowest portions of the formation, with oil just above it. However, the oil-water contact line is usually neither sharp nor horizontal throughout a res­ervoir. Instead, it is a zone of part water and part oil several feet or metres thick. Much the same holds true for the gas-oil contact; but oil, being much heavier than gas, does not tend to rise as high into the gas zone as water does into the oil zone.

Say whether the following statements are true or false

1 A fluid is any substance that is solid.

2 Reservoir rock usually contains three fluids: in addition to oil and gas, it contains salt water.

3 Oil-water contact line is important because it indicates the maximum amount of oil produced from the reservoir

4 Dissolved gas increases the viscosity of the oil

5 Geologists want to find the level in the reservoir where layers of oil and water touch, the oil-water contact line.

6 Practically all reservoirs have water in the highest portions of the formation, with oil just under it.

7 Free gas is a gas that is separated from oil.

8 When the oil comes to the surface and pressure is relieved, the gas comes out of solution

9 Oil-wet reservoirs have a film of water lining the pores.

10 When hydrocarbons are layered in a reservoir, the water is on the bottom and the gas on the top.

Fill in the gaps

a) pores	b) reservoirs	c) accumulation
d) displace	e) wetting	f) downward
g) porosity	h) film	i) mix

Oil, which is lighter than water and will not readily ____________ (1) with it, makes room for itself in the pores of reservoir rock by pushing the water ________________ (2). However, oil will not _______________ (3) all the water. A film of water sticks to, or is adsorbed by, the solid rock material surrounding the pore spaces. This film is called ______________ (4) water. In other words, water is not only in the reservoir below the oil ________________ (5) but also within the ________________ (6) along with the oil. The rare exceptions are oil-wet _____________ (7), which have no ______________ (8) of water lining the pores but which may have an oil saturation of 100 percent of the available _______________ (9).

GRAMMAR SECTION

NOUN

Types of Nouns

There are many different types of nouns. As you know, you capitalise some nouns, such as “Canada” or “California”, and do not capitalise others, such as “rock” or “gas” (unless they appear at the beginning of a sentence). In fact, grammarians have developed a whole series of noun types, including the proper noun, the common noun, the concrete noun, the abstract noun, the countable noun (also called the count noun), the non-countable noun (also called the mass noun), and the collective noun. You should note that a noun will belong to more than one type: it will be proper or common, abstract or concrete, and countable or non-countable or collective.

If you are interested in the details of these different types, you can read about them in the following sections.

Proper Nouns

You always write a proper noun with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing. The names of days of the week, months, historical documents, institutions, organisations, religions, their holy texts and their adherents are proper nouns. A proper noun is the opposite of a common noun

In each of the following sentences, the proper nouns are highlighted:

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