Essential Vocabulary.

to graduate from	[ˈgrædjʊɪt frɒm]	оканчивать ВУЗ
scientific degree	[ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk dɪˈgriː]	ученая степень
epitaxy processes	[ˈɛpɪˌtæksɪ prəˈsɛs]	эпитаксиальные процессы: процессы нарастания одного кристалла на поверхности другого
fibre-optical cable	[ˈfaɪbəʳ ˈɒptɪkəl ˈkeɪbəl]	фибро-оптическое волокно
bar-code reader	[bɑː- kəʊd ˈriːdə]	сканер штрих-кодов
laser pointers	[ˈleɪzə ˈpɔɪntəz]	лазерные указки
solar cell	[ˈsəʊlə sel]	солнечная батарея
to be elected a corresponding member	[ ɪˈlektɪd eˌkɒrɪsˈpɒndɪŋ ˈmɛmbə]	быть избранным членом-корреспондентом Академии Наук
injection	[ɪnˈdʒɛkʃən]	впрыск, впрыскивание
laser diode	[ˈleɪzə ˈdaɪəʊd]	лазерный диод
LEDs = light-emitting diodes		свето-отражающие диоды
significant	[sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt]	значительный
to cope with	[koup wɪð]	справляться с чем- либо
frequency	[ˈfriːkwənsɪ]	частота
to drive	[draɪv]	управлять

After graduating from the Institute he got the following scientific degrees: a Candidate of Sciences in Technology in 1961 and a Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics in 1970. He was elected a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1972. Since 1989 he has been a Vice-President of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the President of its Saint Petersburg Scientific Centre.

Since 1962 he has been worked in the area of semiconductor heterostructures. His contributions to physics and technology of semiconductor heterostructures, especially investigations of injection properties, development of lasers, solar cells, LEDs, and epitaxy processes have led to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics.

Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer have invented and developed fast opto- and microelectronic components based on layered semiconductor structures. They are also known as semiconductor heterostructures. In addition, Alferov invented the heterotransistor, which was built with the help of this technology. This coped with much higher frequencies than earlier transistors. It revolutionised the mobile phone and satellite communications. Laser diodes built with the same technology drive the flow of information in the Internet's fibre-optical cables. They are also found in CD players, bar-code readers and laser pointers.

Hermann Grimmeiss of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards Nobel Prizes said: "Without Alferov, it would not be possible to transfer all the information from satellites down to the Earth or to have so many telephone lines between cities." Zh. Alferov has received a lot of awards since 1972. Among the most significant prizes are 1984 USSR State Prize, the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2001 Prize of the RF in Science and Technology and 2001 Kyoto Prize in Advanced Technology, 2005 International Energy Prize,,Global Energy”.

Zhores Alferov, Russian physists and academician, has contributed significantly to the creation of modern heterostructure physics and electronics. He is also an inventor of the heterotransistor and the winner of 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics. Moreover, he is a Russian politician and has been a member of the Russian State Parliament (the Duma). Lately, he has become one of the most influential members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.

Task 1. Put in the one of the following prepositions: on, in, from, after, since, throughout, with, of, to.

1. Zh. Alferov was born … March 15th … Vitebsk.

2. The Global Energy Prize was awarded to Dr Rosenfeld and Dr Rutberg … 2011.

3. Dr Rutberg has worked at the development … high power plasma technologies … his career.

4. Zh. Alferov graduated … Electrotechnical Institute … Leningrad.

5. … 1953 Alferov has worked in the Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute.

6. The unit of energy conservation was named … Dr Rosenfeld.

7. Alferov’s contributions … physics and technology have led to the creation … modern heterostructure physics and electronics.

8. The heterotransistor coped … much higher frequencies than earlier transistors.

9. Alferov has received a lot of awards … 1972.

10. Dr. Rutberg developed high power plasma technologies which convert waste materials into synthetic fuels … minimal harmful emissions.

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