I Choose the correct item.

TIME CLAUSES

Time Clauses are introduced with time conjunctions or expressions such as: after, as, as soon as, before, by, by the time, hardly... when, immediately, no sooner... than, now that, once, (ever) since, the minute (that), the moment (that), then, the sooner... the sooner, till/until, on/upon, when, whenever, while.

He waited for an hour before he was interviewed by the manager.

Time Clauses follow the rule of the sequence of tenses; that is, when the verb of the main clause is in a present or future tense, the verb in the subordinate clause must be in a present or future tense too, and when the verb of the main clause is in a past tense, the verb in the subordinate clause must be in a past tense too.

/' // watch TV after I have finished doing my homework. She left before he came.

We never use a future tense in a future time clause; instead, we use a present tense.

They will leave in an hour. I'll do the washing up then.

I'll do the washing up when/after they leave/have left, (not will leave or will have- loft)

Compare:

when (time conjunction) + present tense

When I find it, I'll tell you.

when (question word) + present tense + future

When will John get back from Austria?

CONVERSATIONAL GRAMMAR

I Choose the correct item.

0 "Can I come without any notice? Are you sure?" "Definitely. Whenever you......... in the area."

A will be C have been

B) are D will have been

1 "How did Harry suspect the new franchising company might be a fiasco?" "As soon as he......... some tricky terms in the contract, he knew there was something wrong."

A has spotted C would spot

B spotted D spots

^%

2 "Whenever I......... Jane, she talks about the new

house she's having built."

"Well, I think she's really obsessed with the matter."

A am meeting C meet

B met D have been meeting

3 "Are you sure it was Pete?"

"Yes. The moment I saw him he......... the

building."

A was entering C has entered

B would enter D had been entering

4 "I'm afraid Jenny Jones has been consistently late all this week, Mr Taylor." "When Miss Jones......... in, tell her I'd like to have

a word with her."

A is coming С will have come

B comes D came

5 "How about joining me on a skiing trip this weekend?" "Well, I really can't take a holiday until I......... my

thesis."

A have finished С will have finished

В finished D am finished

6 While she......... for her friend to pick her up, her

mother arrived.

A has been waiting С had been waiting

В was waiting D is waiting

7 "......... had we arrived at the beach when it

started pouring with rain."

A No sooner С As soon as

В The minute D Hardly

8 "Why was Jane upset?"

"The minute she......... into the party, she saw

someone wearing the same dress." A had walked С walking В was walking D walked

9 "It was unwise of David to make light of such a sensitive issue." "Exactly. No sooner......... the joke than everyone

got up and left!"

A has he told С had he told

В he told D having told

10 "You must have been worried knowing she was alone so late at night." "Well, once I......... her come in, I began to relax."

A have heard С heard

В hear D am hearing

11 "Where is Emma's report?"

"I think she put it on your desk before she.........."

A left С has left

В had left D was leaving

2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the w ord given.

1 Sean did all the illustrations for the book but no one acknowledged his work. credit

Sean wasn't................................................................... all the illustrations in the book.

2 Having finished your studies, you must decide what to do next. Future

You must................................................................... finished your studies.

3 As soon as they received the information, it was sent to the editor. minute

The information was........................................................................................ they received it.

4 The rain ended and immediately the sun came out. barely

It................................................................................................................ the sun came out.

5 Russ's opinions on the new management policies were very different from those of his fellow workers. odds Russ......................................................................................... the new management policies.

6 The way many sportsmen behavein public influences their young fans. impression

The way many sportsmen behave in public...................................................... their young fans.

7 Not until they leave will she begin cleaning the house. start

She will only.................................................................................................... they have left.

8 Could you give me a shout the minute dinner is ready? kno w

Could you............................................................................................................... is ready?

CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

Full infinitive is commonly used to express purpose We can also use in order to and so as to In order to and so as to

are more emphatic and also more formal

He left early (in order/so as) to avoid the heavy traffic

Note:

We cannot use the full infinitive with a subject different from that of the main verb Instead we can use so that/in order that

Clauses of purpose are introduced with so that/in order that m the following way

so that + will/can/present tense (reference to the present) "1

in order that + would/could/past tenses (reference to the past) common structure

Wake him up early so that he catches/'ll catch the first bus

We bought more food so that we would have enough for the extra guests

so that + may/might + infinitive formal structure

in order that + shall/should

The President left early so that he should not be late for his next meeting

Note:

We use so that rather than the to-mfmitive structure when the mam and the subordinate clause have different subjects

Kate left some salad so that James could eat it later

Negative purpose can be expressed with:

• so as not to + infinitive (only when the sublet of the verb is also the subject of the infinitive) We are staying in this weekend so as not to spend any money

• so that + won't/can't/present tense (present reference) so that + wouldn't/couldn't (past reference) They've locked the gate so that we can't/don't get in He left an hour ago so that he wouldn't be caught in the traffic

• for fear (that) + might/should/would (very formal) for fear of sth/doing sth

lest + (might/should) + infinitive (formal subjunctive) (very formal)

They asked their neighbours to keep an eye on the house for fear (that) burglars might break m She didn't make a noise for fear of waking her parents She banned smoking lest the house should catch fire

• for + noun (to express the purpose of an action) We went out for some fresh air

for + gerund (to express the general purpose of a thing) A saw is a tool for cutting wood

• in case + Present Simple/should (refers to the present/future) in case + Past Simple/should (refers to the past) Take an umbrella in case it rains/should rain They left early in case the traffic was/should be heavy

Note-

Will/would are never used with in case

Take your coat in case it gets cold

NOT Take your coat in case it will get cold

• prevent + noun/pronoun + (from) gerund

It's impossible to prevent cats (from) scratching furniture

• avoid + gerund

You should avoid carrying heavy bags if you have a bad back.

Clauses of Purpose follow the rule of the sequence of tenses. /'// leave early so that I'll be/I'm home before they come. He avoided mentioning it so that he wouldn't offend her.

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