Structural conversion

1 She wasn't fat; nevertheless, she went on a diet. She went on a diet. She wasn't fat, though. Even though she wasn't fat, she went on a diet. Although she wasn't fat, she went on a diet. In spite of not being fat, she went on a diet.

2 Despite the fact that he was afraid, he climbed the mountain.

He was afraid. He climbed the mountain, though. Even though he was afraid, he climbed the mountain. In spite of (his) being afraid, he climbed the mountain. Although he was afraid, he climbed the mountain.

3 Although he spoke loudly, he could not make himself heard.

Loudly as/though he spoke, he could not make himself heard.

4 Apart from Paul, we all have cars.

We all have cars, with the exception of Paul. We all have cars except (for) Paul.

5 Although she is talented, she is too shy to perform in public.

Even though she is talented, she is too shy to perform in public.

In spite other talent, she is too shy to perform in public. She is talented. She is too shy to perform in public, though. She is talented, though too shy to perform in public.

6 Whatever they do, they do it well.

No matter what they do, they do it well.

7 No matter how carefully you do it, it's bound to be difficult.

However carefully you do it, it's bound to be difficult. It's bound to be difficult, however carefully you do it.

8 The film was awful but we went on watching it.

Despite the film being awful, we went on watching it.

9 Although it seemed to be harmless, the dog was in fact dangerous.

Although if seemed to be harmless, on the contrary, the dog was dangerous.

Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

1 Although we warned her of the potential danger, she swam there anyway. determined

She ................................................................................... the fact that we'd warned her not to.

2 In spite of his being wealthy, he's terribly mean. renowned

Rich............................................................................................................. for his generosity.

3 No matter what he says, he intends to retire early. say

Whatever........................................................................................................... retiring early.

4 However you speak to her, she always takes offence. matter

She.............................................................................................................. you speak to her.

5 Apart from geography, she enjoys all her lessons. with

She enjoys all her lessons,....................................................................................... geography.

6 She isn't experienced; nevertheless, she was hired by a multi-national company. for

She was hired by a multi-national company,............................................................ experience.

7 No matter how attractive a salary you offer him, he won't accept the job. down

He'll............................................................................................ him a really attractive salary.

8 Slow as he is, he ran the race faster than I did. before

He finished the race................................................................................................. he's slow.

9 Despite the fact that she practises regularly, she doesn't play tennis well. competent

She....................................................................................................... she practises regularly.

10 They are not wealthy; nevertheless, they seem to spend a lot of money. off

They aren't.................................................................... that they seem to spend a lot of money.

11 However hard she tries, she'll never get an answer out of him. how

She'll never get......................................................................................................... she tries.

EXCLAMATIONS

An exclamation is a type of sentence used to express the speaker's feeling or attitude. Exclamations are not subordinate clauses. We do not alter the order of subject and verb. They are introduced with what and how as follows:

What + (a/an) (adjective) + noun What an interesting lecture! What awful furniture!

How + adjective/adverb/verb How beautiful she is! How slowly he walks! How I loved him!

Exclamatory sentences can also be expressed: • with such + a/an + adjective + noun or so + adjective / adverb. She is such a beautiful girl! She is so beautiful!

• with an interrogative - negative form at the beginning of the sentence. Isn't she sweet! Doesn't he eat a lot!

• by beginning the sentence with an adverb or an adverbial particle (away, up, out, etc) followed by a verb of movement + noun, or pronoun + verb of movement. Off went the boys! Out they went!

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