Head, Neck and Trunk

Functional Groups of the Muscles

N.G. Lebedinets, MD, PhD, Associate Professor

Human Anatomy Department, Zaporozhye State Medical University

Head, Neck and Trunk

Craniofacial Muscles

Epicranial musclesBuccolabial muscles

Epicranius Orbicularis oris

Occipitofrontalis Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

Temporoparietalis Zygomaticus minor

Auriculares Zygomaticus major

Risorius

Circumorbital muscles Buccinator

Orbicularis oculi Platysma (modiolar and labial parts)

Corrugator supercilii Depressor anguli oris

Depressor supercilii Depressor labii inferioris

Procerus Mentalis

Nasal muscles

Procerus

Nasalis

Depressor septi nasi

Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

Movements of the Mandible

Temporomandibular articulation

ElevatorsDepressors

Masseter Pterygoideus lateralis (inferior head)

Temporalis Platysma

Pterygoideus medialis Digastricus

Pterygoideus lateralis (superior head) Mylohyoideus

Geniohyoideus

Contrlateral rotatorsIpsilateral rotators

Pterygoideus lateralis and medialis Masseter

Temporalis

ProtractorsRetractors

Masseter (superficial part) Masseter (deep part)

Pterygoideus lateralis and medialis Temporalis

Movements of the Hyoid Bone

ElevatorsDepressors

Suprahyoid muscles: Infrahyoid muscles:

Digastricus Sternohyoideus

Stylohyoideus Omohyoideus

Mylohyoideus Sternothyroideus

Geniohyoideus Thyrohyoideus

Movements of the Head

Atlanto-ocipital and atlanto-axial articulations

FlexorsExtensors

Longus capitis Sternocleidomastoideus

Anterior suboctipital muscles: Trapezius

Rectus capitis anterior Splenius capitis

Rectus capitis lateralis Erector spinae

Transversospinals

Posterior suboccipital muscles:

Rectus capitis posterior major and minor

Obliquus capitis superior and inferior

Abductors (Lateral flexors)Adductors

All ipsilateral flexors and extensors All contrlateral flexors and extensors

Contrlateral rotatorsIpsilateral rotators

Sternocleidomastoideus Splenius capitis

Transversospinalis Rectus capitis posterior major

Obliquus capitis inferior

Erector spinae

Movements of the Vertebral Column

Zygapophyseal (intervertebral) articulations

Flexors Sternocleidomastoideus - Longus colli and capitis - Scalenus anterior et posterior - Rectus abdominis - Pyramidalis - Obliquus externus abdominis - Obliquus internus abdominis - Psoas major and minor

Extensors Erector spinae - Transversospinals - Interspinales - Quadratus lumborum - Splenius capitis and cervicis - Levatores costarum - Trapezius - Levator scapulae

Abductors (Lateral flexors) - All ipsilateral flexors and extensors - Intertransversarii Contrlateral rotators - Sternocleidomastoideus - Longus colli (inferior part) - Scalenus anterior, medius and posterior - Trapezius - Transversospinals - Levatores costarum - Obliquus abdominis externus - Psoas major and minor

Adductors - All contrlateral flexors, extensors - and intertransversarii   Ipsilateral rotators - Splenius capitis and cervicis - Levator scapulae - Erector spinae - Obliquus abdominis internus

Movements of the Ribs

Costovertebral and sternocostal articulations

Inspirators (Elevators) - Diaphragma - External intercostales externi - Levatores costarum - Serratus posterior superior - Iliocostalis cervicis and thoracis - Sternocleidomastoideus - Scalenus anterior, medius - and posterior - Latissimus dorsi - Pectoralis major and minor - Subclavius - Serratus anterior (inferior part) - Quadratus lumborum

Expirators (Depressors) Intercostales interni - Intercostales intimi - Transversus thoracis - Subcostales - Serratus posterior inferior - Iliocostalis lumborum - Latissimus dorsi - Rectus abdominis - Obliquus abdominis externus - Obliquus abdominis internus - Transversus abdominis - Serratus anterior (superior part)

Upper Limb

Movements of the Pectoral Girdle

Sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular articulations

Elevators - Levator scapulae - Trapezius (superior part) - Rhomboideus major and minor - Serratus anterior (superior part) - Sternocleidomastoideus Protractors Anteversors of clavicula of scapula - Serratus anterior - Pectoralis minor - Subclavius - Pectoralis major Lateral rotators (Abductors) of scapula - Trapezius - Serratus anterior -

Depressors - Trapezius (inferior part) - Serratus anterior (inferior part) - Pectoralis minor - Subclavius - Pectoralis major - Latissimus dorsi Retractors Anteversors of clavicula of scapula - Trapezius - Rhomboideus major and minor - Sternocleidomastoideus - Latissimus dorsi Medial rotators (Adductors) of scapula - Rhomboideus major and minor - Pectoralis minor - Levator scapulae - Pectoralis major - Latissimus dorsi

Movements of the Upper Arm

Humeral articulation

Flexors - Deltoideus (clavicular part) - Pectoralis major (clavicular part) - Subscapularis - Coracobrachialis - Biceps brachii Abductors - Deltoideus (acromial part) - Supraspinatus - Biceps brachii (long head) Medial rotators (Pronators) - Pectoralis major - Latissimus dorsi - Teres major - Subscapularis - Deltoideus (clavicular part) Coracobrachialis

Extensors - Deltoideus (spinal part) - Latissimus dorsi - Teres major and minor - Infraspinatus - Triceps brachii (long head) - Pectoralis major (abdominal and sternocostal parts) - Adductors - Deltoideus - Pectoralis major - Latissimus dorsi - Teres major - Coracobrachialis - Biceps brachii (short head) - Triceps brachii (long head) Lateral rotators (Supinators): - Deltoideus (spinal part) - Infraspinatus - Teres minor Coracobrachialis

Movements of the Forearm

Cubital and distal radio-ulnar articulations

Flexors - Biceps brachii - Brachialis - Pronator teres - Brachioradialis - and another muscles situated anterior to frontal axis Pronators - Pronator teres - Pronator quadratus - Flexor carpi radialis - Brachioradialis

Extensors - Triceps brachii - Anconeus - and another muscles situated posterior to frontal axis Supinators - Supinator - Biceps brachii - Brachioradialis

Movements of the Hand

Radiocarpal and midcarpal articulations

Flexors - Flexor carpi radialis - Flexor carpi ulnaris - Palmaris longus - Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus - Flexor pollicis longus - - - Abductors - Flexor carpi radialis - Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis; and another muscles situated lateral to sagittal axis

Extensors - Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis - Extensor carpi ulnaris - Extensor digitorum - Extensor digiti minimi - Extensor pollicis longus - Extensor indicis Adductor - Flexor carpi ulnaris - Extensor carpi ulnaris - and another muscles situated medial to sagittal axis

Movements of the Thumb

Carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal

articulations

Flexors - Flexor pollicis longus and brevis - Opponens pollicis - - Adductor pollicis - 1^st interroseus dorsal Abductors - Abductor pollicis longus and brevis

Extensors - Extensor pollicis longus and brevis - Abductor pollicis longus and brevis Adductors - Adductor pollicis - 1^st interosseus dorsal

Movements of Fingers

Metacarpophalangeal articulations

Flexors - Lumbricales - Interossei palmare and dorsales - Flexor digitorum superficialis - and profundus - Flexor digiti minimi - Abductors - Interossei dorsales - Abductor digiti minimi

Extensors - Extensor digitorum - Extensor indicis - Extensor digiti minimi   Adductors - Interossei palmares

Interphalangeal articulations

Flexors - Flexor digitorum superficialis - Flexor digitorum profundus

Extensors - Extensor digitorum - Extensor indicis - Extensor digiti minimi - Lumbricales - interossei

Lower Limb

Movements of the Thigh

Coxofemoral articulation

Flexors - Iliopsoas

Extensors - Gluteus maximus

- Rectus femoris - Tensor fasciae latae - Pectineus - Adductor longus and brevis - Sartorius - Abductors - Gluteus medius and minimus - Tensor fasciae latae - Piriformis - Obturatorius internus and gemelli - Sartorius     Lateral rotators (Supinators) - Iliopsoas - Pectineus - Gluteus maximus - Piriformis - Obturatorius internus and gemelli - Quadratus femoris - Obturatorius externus - Sartorius - Adductor longus, brevis and magnus - Gluteus minimus and medius (posterior fibers)

- Semimembranosus - Semitendinosus - Biceps femoris (long head) - Adductor magnus - Obturatorius internus and gemelli - - Adductors - Adductor longus, brevis and magnus - Iliopsoas - Pectineus - Quadratus femoris - Gracilis - Biceps femoris (long head) - Seitendinosus - Semimembranosus   Medial rotators (Pronators) - Tensor fasciae latae - Gluteus minimus and medius (anterior fibers)   Genual Arti

Movements of the Leg

Genual articulation

Flexors - Sartorius - Gracilis - Semitendinosus - Semimembranosus - Biceps femoris - Popliteus - Gastrocnemius - Plantaris	Extensors - Quadriceps femoris - Gluteus maximus - Tensor fascial latae
Medial rotators (Pronators) - Sartorius - Gracilis - Semitendinosus - Semimembranosus - Popliteus	Lateral rotators (Supinators) - Biceps femoris - Tensor fasciae latae - Gluteus maximus

Movements of the Foot

Talocrural, subtalar and transverse tarsal articulations

Plantar flexors Triceps surae plantaris Tibialis posterior Peroneus longus and brevis Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus   Adductors Tibialis posterior and anterior Triceps surae Plantaris Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus   Lateral rotators (Supinators) Tibialis posterior and anterior Triceps surae plantaris Flexor and extensor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus

Dorsal flexors Tibialis anterior Extensor hallucis longus Extensor digitorum longus Penoneus tertius   Abductors Peroneus longus, brevis and tertius Extensor digitorum longus Medial rotators (Pronators) Peroneus longus, brevis and tertius Extensor digitorum longus

Movements of Toes

Metatarsophalangeal articulations

Flexors Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus and brevis Flexor digiti minimi brevis Quadratus plantae (Flexor accesorius) Flexor digiti minimi brevis Abductor hallucis Adductor hallucis Lumbrucals Plantar and dorsal interossei Adductors: Adductor hallucis Plantar interossei (toes 3-5) Dorsal interosseus (toe 2)

Extensors Extensor hallucis longus and brevis Extensor digitorum longus and brevis   Abductors: Abductor hallucis Abductor digiti minimi Dorsal interossei 2-4

Interphalangeal articulations

Flexors Flexor hallucis longus and brevis Flexor digitorum longus and brevis Quadratus plantae (flexor accesorius)

Extensors Extensor hallucis longus and brevis Extensor digitorum longus and brevis Interossei dorsales and plantares Lumbricales

Bibliography:

Bobrik, I.I., Koveshnikov, V.G. (2001) International Nomina Anatomica, Kyiv

Chaurasia, B.D. (2006) Human Anatomy, 4^th Ed., New Delhi, Bangalore

Koveshnikov, V.G. (2006) Human Anatomy, Lugansk

Lebedinets, N.G. (1969) Anatomia Fuctional de los Miembros Superiores e Inferiores. Algunos Aspects de Investigacion Teorica, La Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba

Lebedinets, N.G. (1980) Muscles and Movements of the Human Body, Addis Ababa University

Prives, M.G., Lisenkov, N.K., Bushkovich, V.I. (1989) Human Anatomy, 3^rd Ed. Moscow

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