Articulation.

The mouth is more open than for [e]. The tongue is in the front part of the mouth. The front of the tongue is rather low in the mouth. The side rims of the tongue make a very slight contact with the back upper teeth. The tongue is more tense than in the case of [e].

[t] [d]

1. (a) Take a thin sheet of paper and put it before your lips (Fig. 12, a).

(b) Press the lips together.

(c) Push air through the mouth as strongly as possible, pro­nouncing the sound [p]. Make the sheet vibrate (Fig. 12, b).

(d) Practice doing the exercise several times.

2. (a) The mouth is wide open.

(b) Put the tip of the tongue to the inner side of the upper teeth (see Fig. 13, b).

(c) Now press the tip to the teeth ridge (see Fig. 15).

(d) Then press the tip of the tongue to the back of the teeth ridge.

(e) Come back to the (b) -position, with the tip of the tongue against the inner side of the upper teeth.

(f) Continue practising the exercise counting "three" (positions c,d, b). Use the mirror. Be careful to do the exercise only with the tip of the tongue.

3. (a) The mouth is wide open.

(b) Put the tip of the tongue on the teeth ridge.

(c) Beat the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge.

(d) Practise the exercise several times.

4. (a) The mouth is wide open.

(b) Hit the tip of the tongue against the left cheek.

(c) Now hit the tip of the tongue against the right cheek.

(d) Continue doing the exercise counting "two" (positions b, c).

5. (a) The mouth is wide open.

(b) Put the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge.

(c) Now place the tip of the tongue against the lower teeth.

(d) Hit the tip against the right cheek.

(e) Now hit the tongue-tip against the left cheek.

(f) Alternate the positions counting "four" (positions b, c, d, e).

[v]

5. (a) Press the lips together.

(b) Spread the lips showing the upper teeth.

(c) Protrude the lips.

(d) Spread the lips again showing the upper teeth.

(e) Continue doing the exercise counting "two". Practice the ex­ercise energetically.

6. (a) Press the lips together.

(b) Draw the lower lip inward and slightly upwards to touch the upper front teeth. Keep the upper lip out of the way altogeth­er.

(c) Come back to the position of the lips pressed together.

(d) Continue doing the exercise counting "two".

7. (a) Take a deep breath.

(b) Repeat the 6b position.

(c) Give a strong breath out, pronouncing the sound [f]. Concentrate on the strong long friction.

(d) Practise the exercise several times.

9. (a) Press the lips together.

(b) Keeping in mind the position of the lips for (v — w] practise the exercise counting "two" (see Figs. 8, 9).

(c) Now alternate the position of the lips from rounded to spread (Figs. 10, 11), from spread to rounded (see Figs. 10, 11).

(d) Continue doing the exercise.

[w]

3. (a) Press the lips, then make them neutral. Now round them, (b) Now slightly protrude the lips as for the Russian sound [y]. (c) Take the position of the lips pressed together.

(d) Continue practicing the exercise counting "four" (see Figs. 2,

6, 7 and position b).

Use the mirror to make sure that the lips change from a neu­tral to a rounded position.

5. (a) Press the lips together.

(b) Spread the lips showing the upper teeth.

(c) Protrude the lips.

(d) Spread the lips again showing the upper teeth.

(e) Continue doing the exercise counting "two". Practice the ex­ercise energetically.

9. (a) Press the lips together.

(b) Keeping in mind the position of the lips for (v — w] practise the exercise counting "two" (see Figs. 8, 9).

(c) Now alternate the position of the lips from rounded to spread (Figs. 10, 11), from spread to rounded (see Figs. 10, 11).

(d) Continue doing the exercise.

[o]

1. (a) Keep your lips pressed together.

(b) Open the mouth, so that the lips should be in their neutral position (see Fig. 6).

(c) Now round the lips (Fig. 7).

(d) Come back to the (a)-position.

(e) Continue practicing the exercise counting "three" (see Figs. 2, 6, 7). Remember that the second position of the lips is neu­tral, the third is well rounded.

2. (a) Press the lips, then make them neutral. Now round them, (b) Now slightly protrude the lips as for the Russian sound [y]. (c) Take the position of the lips pressed together.

(d) Continue practicing the exercise counting "four" (see Figs. 2,

6, 7 and position b).

Use the mirror to make sure that the lips change from a neu­tral to a rounded position.

3. (a) Take a mirror, turn your back to the light, open the mouth

wide, keep the tongue as low as possible and say "Ah", as if the doctor wanted to examine your throat. Mind that the soft palate is raised closing the nasal cavity. The air stream goes through the mouth.

(b) Keeping the mouth in this position breathe in and out through the mouth.

(c) Alternate the air effort while breathing out now making it strong now very slight.

Articulation. This vowel is articulated with the mouth wide open and slight open lip-rounding. The body of the tongue is even more retracted than in the case of the vowel [a]. The back of the tongue is only slightly raised. No contact is made between the rims of the tongue and the upper teeth.

[o:]

1. (a) Keep the mouth closed with the lips pressed together

(b) Drop the lower jaw as low as possible. The mouth should be wide open.

(c) Come back to the (a)-position.

(d) Continue practicing the exercise counting "two" (positions b, a).

2. (a) Keep the mouth closed with the lips pressed together.

(b) Open the mouth as wide as one third of the opening.

(c) Open the mouth even one third wider. The separation of the jaws is considerable.

(d) Drop the lower jaw as low as you can so that the opening of the mouth could be the widest (see Fig. 3).

(e) Come back to the (a)-position.

(f) Continue doing this exercise counting "four" (positions b, c,

3. (a) Open the mouth as wide as possible.

(b) Close the mouth gradually in three equal times.

(c) Practice the exercise counting "four".

4. (a) Keep your lips pressed together.

(b) Open the mouth, so that the lips should be in their neutral position (see Fig. 6).

(c) Now round the lips (Fig. 7).

(d) Come back to the (a)-position.

(e) Continue practicing the exercise counting "three". Remember that the second position of the lips is neu­tral, the third is well rounded.

5. (a) Take a mirror, turn your back to the light, open the mouth

wide, keep the tongue as low as possible and say "Ah", as if the doctor wanted to examine your throat. Mind that the soft palate is raised closing the nasal cavity. The air stream goes through the mouth.

(b) Keeping the mouth in this position breathe in and out through the mouth.

(c) Alternate the air effort while breathing out now making it strong now very slight.

Articulation. The tongue is in the back part of the mouth. The back of the tongue is raised to a half-open position. No con­tact is made between the rims of the tongue and the upper teeth. The mouth is less open and the lips are more rounded than for the vowel [o].

[^]

1. (a) Keep the mouth closed with the lips pressed together.

(b) Open the mouth as wide as one third of the opening (Fig. 4).

(c) Open the mouth even one third wider. The separation of the jaws is considerable (Fig. 5).

(d) Drop the lower jaw as low as you can so that the opening of the mouth could be the widest (see Fig. 3).

(e) Come back to the (a)-position.

(f) Continue doing this exercise counting "four" (positions b, c,

Articulation. The tongue is in the central part of the mouth. The front of the tongue is raised to the back of the hard palate just above the fully open position. No contact is made between the tongue and the upper teeth. The tongue is lax. The jaws are considerably separated. The lips are neutrally open. The vowel is short.

[a:]

1. (a) Take a mirror, turn your back to the light, open the mouth

wide, keep the tongue as low as possible and say "Ah", as if the doctor wanted to examine your throat. Mind that the soft palate is raised closing the nasal cavity. The air stream goes through the mouth.

(b) Keeping the mouth in this position breathe in and out through the mouth.

(c) Alternate the air effort while breathing out now making it strong now very slight.

Articulation. The mouth is open. The tongue is in the back part of the mouth. The back of the tongue is only slightly raised. No contact is made between the rims of the tongue and the up­per teeth. The lips are neutral.

[s, z]

7. (a) Take a deep breath.

(b) Repeat the 6b position.

(c) Give a strong breath out, pronouncing the sound (fj. Concentrate on the strong long friction.

(d) Practise the exercise several times.

5. (a) The mouth is wide open.

(b) Put the blade of the tongue on the teeth ridge.

(c) Push the air through the mouth very quickly so that the strong friction is heard.

(d) Practice the exercise several times alternating strong and weak friction.

6. (a) The mouth is wide open.

(b) Put the tip of the tongue to the inner side of the upper teeth (see Fig. 13, b).

(c) Now press the tip to the teeth ridge (see Fig. 15).

(d) Then press the tip of the tongue to the back of the teeth ridge.

(e) Come back to the (b) -position, with the tip of the tongue against the inner side of the upper teeth.

(f) Continue practising the exercise counting "three" (positions c,

d, b). Use the mirror. Be careful to do the exercise only with the tip of the tongue.

7. (a) The mouth is wide open.

(b) Put the tip of the tongue on the teeth ridge.

(c) Beat the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge.

(d) Practise the exercise several times.

8. (a) The mouth is wide open.

(b) Hit the tip of the tongue against the left cheek.

(c) Now hit the tip of the tongue against the right cheek.

(d) Continue doing the exercise counting "two" (positions b, c).

9. (a) The mouth is wide open.

(b) Put the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge.

(c) Now place the tip of the tongue against the lower teeth.

(d) Hit the tip against the right cheek.

(e) Now hit the tongue-tip against the left cheek.

(f) Alternate the positions counting "four" (positions b, c, d, e).

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