Exercise 2.

Task: Translate into English.

1. Мне нужен ваш совет.

2. Я сам контролирую прибыль своего предприятия.

3. Если вы хотите заняться частным предпринимательством, обратитесь за консультацией к юристу.

4. Директор решает вопросы, связанные с наймом и увольнением.

5. Я боюсь нести полную юридическую ответственность.

6. Я не отвечаю за производственные долги.

7. Малые предприятия имеют льготы по налогообложению.

8. Хороший бухгалтер сможет вести дела лучше, чем ты.

9. Мне нужно нанять бухгалтера.

10. Мне нужно проконсультироваться с юристом.

11. Члены правления несут полную юридическую ответственность.

12. Партнер с ограниченной юридической ответственностью не имеет реальной власти.

13.Секретный партнер принимает участие в управлении, но он не известен общественности.

14. Я хочу вложить деньги в недвижимость.

15. Партнерство имеет много преимуществ.

16. Партнерство часто получает налоговые льготы от правительства.

17. Мы хорошо ладим с партнером.

18. Наше кафе привлекает все больше и больше клиентов.

19. Я сделал правильный выбор. Это дело приносит много прибыли.

20. Мой рабочий опыт связан с менеджментом.

21. Она хорошо разбирается в банковском деле.

22. Мы вкладываем в дело одинаковый капитал.

23. Корпорация может выпускать и продавать акции.

24. Корпорация может предлагать более высокую заработную плату.

25. Корпорация имеет больше возможностей для вовлечения финансовых ресурсов, чем партнерство.

26. Каждый год акционеры проводят собрание.

27.Образовательные, благотворительные, религиозные учреждения могут быть корпорациями. Подобные учреждения, как правило, не приносят прибыль.

28. Эта корпорация прибыльна, она будет расширяться.

29. Сначала вы должны подать заявление на получение корпоративного патента.

30. Акционеры имеют решающее слово в управлении корпорацией.

Text № 4. “Strengths and Weaknesses of Different Forms of Business Organization”

Task: Read and translate the text.

Proprietorships, partnerships and corporations have certain advantages and disadvantages. These can be considered using the following criteria: simplicity, ability to raise capital, liability, control, taxation, etc.

Of the three basic forms, the proprietorship is the simplest. The legal procedures for starting a proprietorship are limited to registering the company’s name. Going out of business is also very easy: no legal procedures are required. Starting a partnership is less complex than starting a corporation, but somewhat more so than starting a proprietorship. Simplicity has its advantages but it is not the only thing to consider when choosing the right form of business organization.

Ways of raising capital are different under different forms of business organization. The source of capital for a proprietorship is usually the owner’s own savings and loans from banks. More capital can be raised by bringing in partners or by incorporating. The so-called venture capital market is another important source of capital for new businesses.

A major difference among organizational forms is the degree to which owners are personally liable for debts of the business. If a proprietorship fails, creditors can claim the owner’s property to pay off the debts of the business.

For a partnership, liabilities can also be a serious problem. The limited liability feature of the corporation is its biggest advantage.

Text № 5. “Partnerships in the Professions”

Task: Read and translate the text.

In the professions of law, medicine and accounting partnerships have long been the main form of business organization. Along with small partnerships there have always been huge ones. Super partnerships like the big accounting and law firms have developed ways to cope with the liability problems. To avoid the problem of unlimited liability a special form of organization known as a limited partnership is used. A limited partnership has one or more general partners who put up some capital, run the business and bear the liabilities of the business. In addition, there are one or more limited partners who put up capital but have no authority in the firm’s day-to-day management and do not share its liabilities. The limited partners are much in the same position as stockholders in a corporation.

Recently, however, things have changed further. Many medical, legal and other professional partnerships decided to incorporate.

Text № 6. “Marketing and Distribution. The Four Ps.”

Task: Read and translate the text.

Buying, selling, market research, transportation, storage, advertising – these are all a part of the complex area of business known as marketing. In simple terms, marketing means the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company’s objectives. Marketing can be divided into four main elements that are popularly known as the four Ps: product, price, placement, and promotion. Each one plays a vital role in the success or failure of the marketing operation.

The product element of marketing refers to the goods or services that a company wants to sell. This often involves research and development (R&D) of a new product, research of the potential market, testing of the product to insure quality, and then introduction to the market.

A company next considers the price to charge for its product. There are three pricing options the company may take: above, with, or below the prices that its competitors are charging. For example, if the average price of a pair of women’s leather shoes is $27, a company that charges $23 has priced below the market; a company that charges $27 has priced with the market; and a company that charges $33 has priced above the market. Most companies price with the market and sell their goods or services for average prices established by major producers in the industry. The producers who establish these prices are known as price leaders.

The third element of the marketing process – placement – involves getting the product to the customer. This takes place through the channels of distribution. A common channel of distribution is: manufacturer – wholesaler - retailer – customer.

Wholesalers generally sell large quantities of a product to retailers, and retailers usually sell small quantities to customers.

Finally, communication about the product takes place between a buyer and a seller.

This communication between a buyer and a seller is known as promotion. There are two major ways promotion occurs: through personal selling, as in a department store; and through advertising, as in a newspaper or a magazine.

The four elements of marketing – product, price, placement, and promotion – work together to develop a successful marketing operation that satisfies customers and achieves the company’s objectives.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29