III. Read the following article and write a one or two sentence summary.

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I. Suggest English equivalents for the following words or expressions:

1. to be unable to say something as she was not allowed time to speak
2. not to contribute enough to the conversation
3. to start negotiations again
4. special courses that help you be more self-assured
5. to let yourself do or have something that you enjoy
6. to interrupt a conversation rudely
7. to speak imperiously, patronizingly
8. regional way of pronunciation
9. to be very frank, straightforward
10. to put things off, to delay
11. to say something not clearly enough for other people to understand, to murmur
12. to behave in a friendly way to someone who needs help, to support
13. to listen secretly to other people’s conversations
14. to draw one’s attention
15. arrogant, domineering, commanding

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II. In the following sentenses, decide which of the italicised verbs are right or wrong. Put a check mark (ü) next to the correct ones and rewrite the wrong ones in the space provided.

1. James would always have _____________________a very important test last week.

1. Jerry always used to cook ________________dinner for himself, but now his wife prepares dinner.
2. Jamie would always have ____________________a dog when she was a child, but now she has a cat.
3. Laura would always bake ___________________cookies for us when we were kids.

5. I used to graduate ______________________from Georgetown University in 1992.

1. He would constantly embarrass __________________himself by asking stupid questions in class.

7. They would spend ________________________Easter with us every year until we moved.

8. He would be _______________very friendly. He would always ask you _______________about your family.

9. I would live ___________________ in Paris for two years when I was younger.

1. She ’ll always go out of her way __________________ to help you.
2. He ’ll really hate opera _______________ he always has.
3. As a child, I’d love going to fun-fairs.______________________.
4. Yesterday we’d go ___________________ there together.
5. He’d always know ________________ so much about different things!
6. My father would help me _______________ with physics last month.
7. I’d listen ______________ to him with interest when he was lecturing last time.
8. She would ________________ always be beautiful when she was young.
9. I used to _________________go to the beach yesterday.
10. Margie loves horses because she used to _________________ have one as a child.

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III. Read the following article and write a one or two sentence summary.

Language is always changing, evolving, and adapting to the needs of its users. This isn’t a bad thing; if English hadn’t changed since, say, 1950, we wouldn’t have words to refer to modems, fax machines, or cable TV. As long as the needs of language users continue to change, so will the language. The change is so slow that from year to year we hardly notice it (except to grumble every so often about the ‘poor English’ being used by the younger generation!). But reading Shakespeare’s writings from the sixteenth century can be difficult.

Why does language change? Language changes for several reasons. First, it changes because the needs of its speakers change. New technologies, new products, and new experiences require new words to refer to them clearly and efficiently. Consider the fax machine: originally it was called a facsimile machine, because it allowed one person to send another a copy, or facsimile, of a document. As the machines became more common, people began using the shorter form fax to refer to both the machine and the document; from there, it was just a short step to using the word fax as a verb (as in: I’ll fax this over to Sylvia).

Another reason for change is that no two people have had exactly the same language experience. We all know a slightly different set of words and constructions, depending on our age, job, education level, region of the country, and so on. We pick up new words and phrases from all the different people we talk to, and these combine to make something new and unlike any other person’s particular way of speaking. At the same time, various groups in society use language as a way of marking their group identity – showing who is and isn’t a member of the group. Many of the changes that occur in language begin with teens and young adults: as young people interact with others their own age, their language grows to include words, phrases, and constructions that are different from those of the older generation. Some have a short lifespan, but others stick around to affect the language as a whole.
We get new words from many different places. We borrow them from other languages (sushi, chutzpah), we create them by shortening longer words (gym from gymnasium) or by combining words (brunch from breakfast and lunch), and we make them out of proper names (Levis, fahrenheit). Sometimes we even create a new word by being wrong about the analysis of an existing word. That’s how the word pea was created: four hundred years ago, the word pease was used to refer to either a single pea or a bunch of them. But over time, people assumed that pease was a plural form, for which pea must be the singular, and a new word – pea – was born. (The same thing would happen if people began to think of the word cheese as referring to more than one chee.)

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IV. Supply the opposite variant in American or British English:

1. vacation

2. underwear

3. downtown

4. first floor

5. purse

6. smart

7. movie

8. subway

9. candy

10. apartment

11. garden

12. pavement

13. jelly

14. road

15. queue

16. lift

17. rubbish

18. trousers

19. jumper

20. shop

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V. Translate into English:

1. Простите, я не намеревался вмешиваться.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Даниэль продолжал говорить и говорить об американской политике.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.Я нахожу снукер очень увлекательным, хотя сам и неиграю.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Водитель что-то буркнул, убежденный, что Майкл ненормальный.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Путеводитель приводит краткую справку по истории этого памятного места.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Твои выходки обсуждают все окрестности.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. О ней ходит много разных слухов.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Когда я был ребенком, я ненавидел взрослых, которые говорили со мной свысока.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Ненавижу, когда мне приходится все время говорить самой, а собеседник отделывается односложными ответами.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Мама пыталась отговорить меня разводиться.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

11. Он не обращает никакого внимания на мои желания и потребности.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

12. Сколько раз я тебе говорил: никогда не спорь с судьей!

__________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Не давай отвлечь себя разными модными теориями.

________________________________________________________________________________________________

14. Хотя Америку и называют плавильным котлом культур, многие из них сохранили там свою национальную принадлежность.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

15. Американский и британский английский различны по звучанию, грамматическим особенностям, словарному составу и употреблению слов.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. Различия в употреблении слов может привести к тяжелым последствиям. Американцы склонны все преувеличивать, британцы – не договаривать.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

17. В Англии насчитывается около 345 различных диалектов.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. Ливерпульский диалект - Scouse - смесь северного английского и ирландского из-за огромной иммиграции из Ирландии в течение последних ста лет.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. Диалект может отражать как географические, так и социальные отличия в языке.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

20. Королевский английский это термин, которым обозначается язык образованных людей, считающийся стандартом, на котором говорит королева и двор.

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Total _______________/90

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