Signs of political regime

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Basedaon the structural elements of the political regime singles out its main features:

• the ratio of the legislative, executive and judicial authorities, central government and local governments;

• the position and role of civil society organizations and political parties;

• the legal status of a person;

• established legal system;

• the content and value of permissible and prohibited political activities;

• political stability of society;

• the functioning of law enforcement and penal institutions;

• historical and cultural traditions and moral habits in relation to power [5, p. 27].

The essence of the political regime is determined by the fact that the state is a priority – state's rights or the rights of the individual, the extent to which the state recognizes, guarantees, limits or falsifies rights under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and various international conventions relating to the mechanism of combination of political, civil, social and economic, social and cultural rights, or violates state rights (motives, form, scale violations).

Characterization of the political regime provides not only legal safeguards the rights and freedoms of citizens, and the degree of development of judicial and non-judicial structures to protect these rights, the degree of maturity of civil society that can not afford the political power to go beyond the legal field. For example, modern democratic constitutions exist in many low- and middle-income countries, but the degree of legal protection of citizens' rights is not sufficient compared to developed countries.

Another essential feature of the political regime is the distribution of power between the supreme state authorities – the head of state, government, parliament, supreme courts. The importance here is the amount of the prerogatives of a branch, and clarity of legal limits of competence between them. For example, a large amount of office of presidential power leads to authoritarianism. If allowed dualism executive, than at various levels of society it can have different effects. In a transitional society dualism executive weakens its effectiveness, leading to the dispersion of powers between the presidential and governmental structures, and highly societies, this phenomenon reduces the concentration of power, and balances the redistribution of power between the head of state and government based on party representation.

The optimum ratio of powers is a clear separation of executive and legislative powers (USA): strong single-party government and one-party opposition arbitration role of state head (United Kingdom); supremacy of Parliament at the collegiate and consensual types of party cooperation (Austria, Sweden, Switzerland).

The most unfortunate relationship between the branches of power can occur with strong powers of the Parliament than the executive in politically unstructured society (the experience of Russia, Ukraine) or the limited prerogatives of Parliament with significantly enhanced (authoritarian) Powers of the President (modern Belarus, Russia).

Thus, different combinations of competencies higher government should evaluate ambiguous, given the degree of civilization maturity of society, as well as the extent of modernization transformation [7, p. 68].

Political regime depends on the ratio of powers between national, regional and local authorities. In modern conditions the central public administration is inefficient, since decentralization process acquires a universal significance. The degree of decentralization, as the experience of European countries, depends on historical traditions, ethnic, cultural and territorial specific regions, extent of territory and boundaries, legal and social culture of the population.

The relationship between the state and political parties provide a variety of mutual influence. Extreme is a monopoly of the party and its superiority over the state and non-state formation. Unsuccessful option can be considered as lack of party leaders, the government can ensure stability. Based on the significant features of the political regime it is important to know the ideological and organizational types of parties and their funding sources and mechanisms of state control of the financial activities of political parties. If the parties are shady sources of funding, not state-controlled, they can already be considered as potential candidates for mafia ways policy.

To clarify the essential features of the political regime, the importance of studying the relationship between party leaders, party elites and party apparatus, party mass, political motivation mechanisms embodied in the organizational structure of the party.

An important feature of the political regime is the relationship between the ruling elite and the opposition. It takes into account the legal status of the opposition form of legitimacy, its types (party, social, military, revolutionary, terrorist) and the extent of the opposition to influence society. In underdeveloped party system opposition is unable adequately to compete with the ruling elite of the state [8, p. 490].

Value of the electoral system and form of government allows the most accurate representation of the essential features of modern democratic political regimes. The effectiveness of each electoral system depends on the form of government and political culture. The most effective is proportional preferential electoral system using regional lists in parliamentary republic. In transitional societies it is important because electoral laws encourage party competition.

If the public has civilized political pressure on the government to protect their interests, it provides a balance of social forces, thus increasing the level of party competition. If the dominance of certain social groups, strong in property, financial or ideological sense, the party under the guise of "national interests", appeal to people's instincts and actually forced to express strategy of monopoly groups. Accelerator party competition is the social stratification that recreates civilized public pressure on the government.

In the relations between the state and pressure groups it is important to create equal legal conditions for defending social interests through mechanisms of social partnership, lobbying interests, simplify legislative solution to the conflict and to ensure public access to objective information about political life. The main elements of civil society is free media, free universities (with the status of autonomy) and pressure groups as the representative of the public interest [9, p. 112].

Consequently, among scientists there is no consensus and approach to the definition of the political regime and its characteristics. However, most local authors are inclined to believe that the political system – a way of functioning of the political system of society, determining the nature of political life in the country, a system of techniques, methods and techniques of political power in society. The political regime is characterized by a number of common features as well as special, inherent in our country.

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29