Human Anatomy

(HEAD)

VOCABULARY

cranium ['kreInIqm] череп brain [breIn] мозок parotid [pq'rOtId] привушний cavity ['kxvItI] порожнина sublingual [sAb'lINgw(q)l] під'язиковий anterior [xn'tIqrIq] передній cutaneous [kju(:)'teInjqs] шкірний superior [sju'pIqrIq] верхній, розташований вище nonverbal ["nOn'vq:bql] невербальний (безслівний) inferior [In'fIqrIq] нижній confine [kqn'faIn] обмежувати posterior [pOs'tIqrIq] задній contribute [kqn'trIbjut] співвідноситися furrow ['fArqu] укриватися зморшками occipito-frontal [O'ksIpItO'frAntql] потилично-лобовий temple[templ] скроня

orbicular [O:'bIkjulq] круговий, коловий eyelid ['aIlId] віко corrugator [kOru'geItq] м'яз, що викликає зморщування шкіри chin [CIn] підборіддя masseter [mx'sI:tq] жувальний bound [baund] межувати, слугувати межою temporal ['temp(q)r(q)l] скроневий fauces ['fO:sI:z] горло, зів medial ['mI:djql] медіальний pterygoid [tI'rIGOId] крилоподібний palatine tonsil ['pxlqtaIn 'tOnsl] піднебінний мигдалик hyoid ['haIOId] під'язиковий palate ['pxlIt] піднебіння intrinsic [In'trInsIk] внутрішній salivary gland ['sxlIvqrI 'glxnd] слинна залоза extrinsic [eks'trInsIk] зовнішній vault [vO:lt] склепіння

READING AND DEVELOPING SPEAKING SKILLS

Ex. 1. Read the following words and translate them into Ukrainian:

Cranium; forehead; chin; tonsil; cheek; eyelid; cheekbone; temporal; salivary; gland; palatine; bound; cavity; anterior; superior; masseter; confine; intrinsic; orbicular; immediately; hyoid; eyebrow; palate; contribute; subcutaneous; tongue; extrinsic; temple.

Ex. 2. Match the medical term with its translation:

parietal [pq'raIItl] temporal ['tempqrql] occipital [Ok'sIpIt(q)l] ethmoid ['eTmOId] zygomatic ["zaIgo'mxtIk] palatine ['pxlqtaIn] lacrimal ['lxkrImql] nasal concha ['kONkq] vomer ['voumq] auditory ossicle ['O:dItqrI 'OsIkl] malleus ['mxlIqs] incus ['INkqs] stapes ['steIpI:z]

скроневий носова пазуха ковадло, коваделко стремено, стремінце потиличний молоточок піднебінний виличний слізний леміш слухова кісточка ґратчастий тім'яний

Ex. 3. Read the following text:

HEAD

The head is divided into the cranial and the facial parts. The skull is composed of 28 separate bones organized into the following groups: the cranial vault, the auditory ossicles, and the facial bones. The cranial vault consists of 8 bones that surround and protect the brain. They include the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.

The six auditory ossicles, which function in the hearing, are located inside cavities of the temporal bones and cannot be observed unless the temporal bones are cut open.

The facial bones form the structure of the face in the anterior skull but do not contribute to the cranial vault. They are the maxilla (two), mandible (one), zygomatic (two), palatine (two), nasal (two), lacrimal (two), vomer (one), and inferior nasal concha (two) bones. The frontal and ethmoid bones, which are the part of the cranial vault, also contribute to the face. The forehead, the temples, eyes,eyebrows, the cheeks, the cheekbones, nose, oral cavity and chin compose the face.

The oral cavity is bounded by the lips anteriorly, the fauces posteriorly, the cheeks laterally, the palate superiorly, and a muscular floor inferiorly. In the oral cavity of an adult there are 32 permanent teeth, hard and soft palates, palatine tonsils, salivary glands, and a tongue. The types of the teeth are incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Every tooth consists of a crown, a neck, and a root. The root is composed of dentine. Within the dentine of the root is the pulp cavity, which is filled with blood vessels and nerves. The crown is dentine covered by enamel. The hard and soft palates are the roofs of the oral cavity. Salivary glands produce serous and mucous secretions. The three pairs of large salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual.

The facial bones provide protection for major sensory organs located in the face such as the eyes, nose, and tongue. The person sees with eyes, breathes and smells with nose, taste with tongue, and hear with ears.

The skeletal muscles of the face are cutaneous muscles attached to the skin. In humans in whom facial expressions are important components of nonverbal communication, cutaneous muscles are confined primarily to the face and neck. Several muscles act on the skin around the eyes and eyebrows and furrow the skin of the forehead. They are: the occipitofrontal muscles, the orbicular muscles of eyes, the elevator muscles of the upper eyelids, the corrugator muscles and others. Several muscles function in moving the lips and the skin surrounding the mouth. The muscles of mastication (the masseter, temporal, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles) and the hyoid muscles move the mandible. The tongue consists of a mass of intrinsic muscles and extrinsic muscles, which change the shape of the tongue and move it. Hyoid muscles can depress the jaw and assist in swallowing. Six muscles with their origins on the orbital bones insert on the eyeball and cause it to move within the orbit.

The Skull From the Front

Ex. 4. Translate the following words and word-combinations into English:

Череп; шкірний; обмежувати; співвідноситися; порожнина; безпосередньо; брова; чоло; жувальний; потилично-піднебінний; підборіддя; скроня; круговий; піднебіння; внутрішній; зовнішній; язик; віко; щока; піднебінний мигдалик; під'язиковий; слинна залоза; вилиця; межувати, слугувати межею; скроневий; горло, зів.

Ex. 5. Translate the text "Head" into Ukrainian.

Ex. 6. Answer the questions:

1. How many bones does the skull consist of? 2. What groups are the bones of the skull organized into? 3. Where are the auditory ossicles located? 4. How many parts are the bones of the skull divided into? What are they? 5. How many bones does the cranial vault consist of? What are they? 6. What do the facial bones form? 7. What facial bones do you know? 8. What bones which are the parts of the cranial vault also contribute to the face? 9. What do the facial bones provide? 10. What are there in the oral cavity? 11. What skeletal muscles of the face do you know?

Ex. 7. Insert the missing words:

1. Bones of the skull are organized into the following groups: the auditory _, the cranial vault, and the facial bones. 2. The bones of cranial vault include the parietal, _, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. 3. The facial bones form the structure of the face in the _ skull. 4. The facial bones are the _, mandible, zygomatic, _, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, and inferior nasal concha bones. 5. The frontal and ethmoid bones also _ to the face. 6. The forehead, the temples, eyes,_, the cheeks, the _, nose, oral cavity and chin compose the face.

Ex. 8. Skim through the data of the following table and answer the questions:

1. What bones of the cranial vault are paired? 2. What bones of the cranial vault are unpaired? 3. What bones of the face are unpaired? 4. What bones of the face are paired? 5. What groups are the bones of the skull divided into? 6. What bones of the cranial vault do you know? 7. What are the auditory ossicles?

BONES		NUMBER
Skull
Cranial vault
Paired	Parietal
	Temporal
Unpaired	Frontal
	Occipital
	Sphenoid
	Ethmoid
Face
Paired	Maxilla
	Zygomatic
	Palatine
	Nasal
	Lacrimal
	Inferior nasal concha
Unpaired	Mandible
	Vomer
Auditory Ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
	Total:

Ex. 9. Match the following terms with their meanings:

1. cheek	1. hard, conical structure set in the alveoli of the upper or lower jaws, used in mastication and assists in articulation.
2. nose	2. muscular organ occupying most of the oral cavity when the nose is closed.
3. eyebrow	3. one of two muscular folds with an outer mucosa having a stratified squamous epithelial surface layer; they form the anterior border of the mouth.
4. eyelash	4. movable fold of the skin in front of the eyeball.
5. eyelid	5. eight skull bones that surround and protect the brain.
6. cranial vault	6. hair at the margins of the eyelids.
7. lip	7. short hairs on the bony ridge above the eyes.
8. tongue	8. visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face.
9. tooth	9. side of the face forming the lateral wall of the mouth.

OVERVIEW

The head is divided into the cranial and the facial parts. The skull is composed of 28 separate bones organized into the following groups: the cranial vault, the auditory ossicles, and the facial bones. The cranial vault consists of 8 bones that protect the brain. They include the parietal, temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The facial bones form the structure of the face in the anterior skull but do not contribute to the cranial vault. They are the maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, and inferior nasal concha bones. The frontal and ethmoid bones also contribute to the face. The forehead, the temples, eyes,eyebrows, the cheeks, the cheekbones, nose, oral cavity and chin compose the face. In the oral cavity there are 32 permanent teeth, hard and soft palates, palatine tonsils, salivary glands, and a tongue. The types of the teeth are incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.

LESSON 18

CELL

VOCABULARY

originate [q'rIGIneIt] брати початок, походити, виникати fertilize ['fWtIlaIz] запліднювати egg [eg] яйцеклітина proceed [pre'sI:d] розвиватися embryonic ["embrI'OnIk] зародковий, ембріональний specialize ['speSqlaIz] адаптуватися, пристосовуватися plasma ['plxzmq] плазма bound [baund] обмежувати, ставити межу, стримувати carbohydrate [kRbqu'haIdreIt] вуглевод capable[‘keIpqbl] дієздатний rest[rest] решта enclose [In'klqus] оточувати, обгороджувати; містити osteoclast ['OstIq"klxst] остеокласт, остеокластоцит surround [sq'raund] оточувати

nucleus (pl. nuclei) ['njHklIqs] ядро (клітини) deoxyribonucleic [dI:'OksI'raIbOunju"klIqk] дезоксирібонуклеїновий protein ['prqutI:n] білок, протеїн fuse [fjuz] об'єднувати (ся), переплітатися pore [pO:] пора disperse [dIs'pq:s] розповсюджувати thin [TIn] тонкий strand [strxnd] ланцюг, нитка; молекулярний ланцюжок ribonucleic ['raIbOunju"klIqk] рібонуклеїновий hereditary [hI'redIt(q)rI] спадковий cytosol ['saItousOl] цитозоль inclusion [In'klHZ(q)n] включення support[sq'pO:t] підтримувати fiber[faIbq] волокно create[krI'eIt] породжувати, робити, створювати, творити compartment [kqm'pRtmqnt] відділення (частина чого-небудь)

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29