Lost in machine translation

You can go out right now and buy a machine translation system for anything between £100 and £100,000. But how do you know if it’s going to be any good? The big problem with MT systems is that they don't actually translate: they merely help translators to translate. Yes, if you get something like Metal (very expensive) or GTS (quite cheap) to work on your latest brochure, they will churn [20] out something in French or whatever, but it will be pretty laughable stuff.

All machine-translated texts have to be extensively post-edited (and often pre-edited) by experienced translators. To offer a useful saving, the machine must make the time the translator spends significantly less than he or she would have taken by hand.

Inevitably, the MT manufacturers’ glossies talk blithely [21] of ‘a 100 percent increase in throughput’ but skepticism remains. Potential users want to make their own evaluation, and that can tie up key members of the corporate language centre for months.

A few weeks ago, translators, system developers, academics, and others from Europe, the US, Canada, China, and Japan met for the first time in a Swiss hotel to mull [22] over MT matters. A surprisingly large number of European governmental and corporate organizations are conducting expensive and elaborate evaluations of MT, but they may not produce, ‘buy or don’t buy’ results.

Take error analysis, a fancy name for counting the various types of errors the MT system produces. You might spend five months working out a suitable scoring scheme – is correct gender agreement more important than correct number? - and totting [23] up figures for a suitably large sample of text, but what do those figures mean? If one system produces vastly more errors than another, it is obviously inferior. But suppose they produce different types of error in the same overall numbers: which type of error is worse? Some errors are bound to cost translators more effort to correct, but it requires a lot more work to find out which.

It isn't just users who have trouble with evaluation. Elliott Macklovitch, of Canada, described an evaluation of a large commercial MT system, in which he analysed the error performance of a series of software updates only to find - as the system's suspicious development manager had feared – that not only had there been no significant improvement, but the latest release was worse.

And bugs are still common. Using a 'test suite' of sentences designed to see linguistic weaknesses, researches in Stuttgart found that although one large system could cope happily with various complex verb-translation problems in a relative clause, it fell apart when trying to do exactly the same thing in a main clause. Developers are looking for bigger, better test suites to help to keep such bugs under control.

Good human translators produce good translations; all MT systems produce bad translations. But just what is a good translation? One traditional assessment technique involves a bunch of people scoring translations on various scales for intelligibility ('Does this translation into English make sense as a piece of English?'); accuracy (‘Does this piece of English give the same information as the French original?'); style, and so on. However, such assessment is expensive, and designing the scales is something of a black art.

Properly designed and integrated MT systems really ought to enhance the translator's life, but few take this on trust. Of course, they do things differently in Japan. While Europeans are dabbling their toes and most Americans deal only in English, the Japanese have gone in at the deep End. The Tokyo area already sports two or three independent MT training schools where, as the eminent Professor Nagao casually noted in his presentation, activities are functioning with the efficiency of the Toyota production line. We're lucky they're only doing it in Japanese.

e) Each of the sentences below (except one) summarizes an individual paragraph of the text. Order the sentences so that they form a summary of the text. One of the sentences contains information, which is not in the text. Which one?

1 The developers of MT systems have also had problems evaluating their systems.

2 Many European organizations are evaluating MT, but the results may not be conclusive.

3Assessing machine translations as good or bad is very difficult because such judgments cannot be made scientifically.

4 It is time-consuming for potential users to test the MT manufacturers’ claims that their products double productivity.

5 Better tests are needed to monitor linguistic weaknesses in MT Systems.

6 All machine translations need to be edited by a human translator.

7 A reliable MT system is unlikely to be available this century.

8 The price of MT systems varies greatly and none actually translates.

9 The Japanese have a few independent MT training schools, which are said to be very efficient.

10 Analysing the errors made by MT systems is inconclusive because it may only show that different systems produce similar numbers of error types.

f) Match each of the following verbs from the text with the expression similar meaning:

1) churn out 2) tie up 3) mull over 4) tot up 5) cope with 6) fall apart

a) add up b) think carefully about c) manage successfully d) produce large amounts of e) fail f) occupy the time of

g) Using the paragraph reference given, find words or phrases in the text which have a similar meaning to:

1 ridiculous (para.l)

2 colour brochures (para.3)

3 casually (para.3)

4 sure to (para. 5)

5 group (para. 8)

6 mysterious ability (para.3)

7 experimenting in a small way (para.9)

8 invested heavily (para.9)

h) Look at these sentences. Discuss why a machine might find them difficult to translate:

I bought a set of six chairs. The sun set at 9 p.m.

He set a book on the table. We set off for London in the morning.

She had her hair set for the party. The VCR is on the television set.

Can you think of other examples where this kind of problem occurs?

Summing-Up

Make a list of the main problems of machine translation and try to give some advice how to avoid them.

Tapescripts

When You Turn on your Computer

Unit B. Graphics User Interface

This is a picture of a computer screen with one window open. The window contains a dialog box. This one is the Find dialog box. You can see the name on the title bar at the top of the screen. You use this dialog box to find files or folders. (pause)

Near the top of the window there are three tabs. The first tab is for searching by name and location. There are two other tabs: one for searching by date and the other for advanced searches. (pause)

To search for a file by name and location, you type the name of the file in the drop-down list box called Named. In this example, the user wants to find all the document files. Then you choose the folder to search in using another drop-down list box labelled Look in. Here the user wants to look in the folder called Personal on the C drive. So the first drop-down list box is for the name, and the second drop-down list box is for the location.(pause)

Between the Named and Look in drop-down boxes is a text box. In the text box you type any words which you want to look for. In this example, the user only wants documents with the word 'sport'. (pause)

You start the search by clicking on the Find Now command button. Other buttons stop the search, start a new search, or browse the drives.

The Very First Contacts with your Computer

Unit A Keys and Buttons

Keyboard

The keys on a computer keyboard can be arranged in many different ways. The most common way on a desktop PC is called the extended keyboard. The diagram shows an extended keyboard. The keys are in four main sections. (pause)

The section known as the main keyboard has a key for each letter of the alphabet. It also has keys for the digits 0 to 9, punctuation marks like commas and full stops, and other common symbols. (pause)

Above the main keyboard is a row of keys known as the function keys. This section includes the Escape key to the left and the Print Screen, Scroll Lock, and Break keys to the right. The function keys labelled F1 to F12 don't have fixed functions. You can program them to perform different functions such as saving and printing. (pause)

To the right of the main keyboard is a section known as the editing keys. This group includes keys which insert and delete data. It also includes the cursor keys, also called the arrow keys. These keys move the cursor around the screen. (pause)

To the far right of the main keyboard is the numeric keypad. This section has keys for the digits 0 to 9 and for common mathematical symbols like plus and minus. The keys are arranged like the keys on an electronic calculator. You use these keys to input numerical data.

Computer Types and Uses

Unit A. Kinds of Computers

Listening

Digital computers can be divided into five main types, depending on their size and power: they are mainframes, minicomputers, desktop PCs, laptops and handheld computers.

‘Mainframes’ are the largest and most powerful computers. The basic configuration of a mainframe consists of a central system which processes immense amounts of data very quickly. This central system provides data information and computing facilities for hundreds of terminals connected together in a network. Mainframes are used by large companies, factories and universities.

‘Minicomputers’ are smaller and less powerful than mainframes. They can handle multi-tasking, that is, they can perform more than one task at the same time. Minicomputers are mainly used as file servers for terminals. Typical applications include academic computing, software engineering and other sophisticated applications in which many users share resources.

PCs carry out their processing on a single microchip. They are used as personal computers in the home or as workstations for a group. Typical examples are the IBM PC, or the Apple Macintosh. Broadly speaking, there are two classes of personal computer: (a) desktop PCs, which are designed to be placed on your desk, and (b) portable PCs, which can be used as a tiny notebook. This is why they are called ‘notebooks’ or ‘laptops’. The latest models can run as fast as similar desktops and have similar configurations. They are ideal for business executives who travel a lot.

The smallest computers can be held in one hand. They are called handheld computers or palmtops. They are used as PC companions or as electronic organizers for storing notes, reminders and addresses.

Listening

Part 1

A: I'm thinking of buying a computer, and I need some advice.

B: OK. What do you want to use it for?

A: For writing, maybe for games. I want it for the Internet.

B: For the Internet and games... I recommend a multimedia computer.

A: What do you mean by a multimedia computer?

B: Well, it's more powerful than a basic computer. It's got sound and a CD-ROM or DVD drive. You can use it for high-quality graphics, animation, and video.

Part 2

A: What if I wanted... I travel a lot, if I wanted something smaller, what's available?

B: There are portable computers. A multimedia notebook is probably best.

A: Is a notebook the smallest kind you can get?

B: No, you can get subnotebooks and even smaller handheld devices. They're mostly used as organizers, as a diary, a 'to do' list, and that kind of thing. But for writing and general use a notebook is better.

A: OK, I think I'll go for a notebook. What other things do I need?

B: A printer... and for the Internet, make sure you have a modem.

A: A modem?

B: Yes, it's a device for connecting your computer to a telephone line. You need it to connect to the Internet.

Portable Computers

Listening

Interviewer: Some portable computers are referred to as laptops and others as palmtops. Can you explain the difference?

Tom: Sure. Laptops are simply smaller versions of desktop PCs, but they can run similar applications. However, palmtops are handheld computers and weigh less than 2 pounds; they are used as PC companions or as personal digital assistants.

Interviewer: And what are the basic features of palmtops?

Tom: Well, these handheld devices run on rechargeable alkaline batteries and have small keyboard and high-contrast LCD screens. Sometimes they have buttons for launching applications and a stylus or pen, which is used for interacting with a touch-sensitive screen.

Interviewer: Do they need special operating systems?

Tom: Yes. They usually run Palm OS, from Palm Computing or Pocket PC OS, the system developed by Microsoft for mobile-computing devices. Some pen-based systems can also recognize hand-written characters and convert them into editable text.

Interviewer: Right. What sort of things can you do with handheld computers?

Tom: They are usually designed to store personal information, for example, a calendar, an address book, a note pad, a calculator and a voice recorder. They can also come with built-in modem and Internet software, which lets you send and receive e-mail from a payphone, a hotel or even a plane.

Interviewer: Really? They are compatible with traditional PCs?

Tom: Yes, of course. They can transfer information to printers and PCs via cables or infrared link. The software lets you synchronize documents with your desktop PC.

Interviewer: and how do you see the future of palmtops? How will they develop, do you think?

Tom: Well, I think they’ll become more and more popular with business executives who’ll use them as a portable supplement to their desktop systems.

Unit B. Computer Uses (1)

Listening

Computers in everyday life

Extract 1

We use a PC for writing letters, for playing games, to calculate our bills, and to connect with the Internet. Extract 2

We've got electronic checkout tills with barcode readers. They read a special barcode on almost everything we sell. They calculate the bill for the customer. At the same time they send information to a larger computer, so we always know exactly what we've got in the store.

Extract 3

We make washing machines and refrigerators. The machines we use to make them are controlled by computers. We also use computers to calculate our wages, to keep the accounts, and to look after all materials and parts.

Extract 4

Our terminal links to airline offices. If you want to fly anywhere in the world, we can tell you at once if there's a seat on the flight you want. We can supply you with the tickets and we can reserve your hotel - all by computer.

Listening

You are now going to hear a lecturer describing to students how computer may be useful to them.

Good morning! and welcome to the introductory course on computers. We take computing very seriously here and we encourage every student to acquire a basic knowledge of the subject. Could we have the first slide please? … (slide-projector noises) … Okay, let's have a look at Figure 1.

Well, you'll notice that I've drawn a computer in the centre, and radiating out from it are lines leading to some of the subjects that we teach here. Let's have a look at each one in turn.

First, Languages. Well, you'll be submitting quite a lot of written work and we encourage you to use a word processor. This is much like using a typewriter except it's more forgiving when you make a mistake. In fact, editing text can be quite enjoyable when you use word processor.

Secondly, History. Essays again, of course, but also we'll expect you to gain some familiarity with historical databases.

What about Engineering? Well, you must learn to use our Computer Aided Design software, both for producing technical drawing and for helping with the design process generally.

Financial packages are very important for Business Studies. But also, we set great store by the use of simulations. Uh, you can think of these in your case, as computerised business games where a group of you manage the finances and so on of an imaginary company. You'll also need to know about databases and spreadsheets. A spreadsheet, by the way, is a sort of supercalculator, except you can enter formulae as well as numbers – it’s ideal for financial planning.

Social scientists – you'll find yourselves using the computer to analyse the results of surveys, and there are several statistical packages designed for this purpose.

Scientists in general are likely to want to learn programming. Sometimes you'll be able to buy software off the shelf, but very often you'll have your own requirements and then you'll have to program the computer yourself. Then you’ll have your own requirement and then you’ll have to program the computer yourself.

Last, but not least – Computer Science... If you're studying to be a computer scientist then you need some familiarity with all the things I've just mentioned. In addition, you'll have to learn in detail about things like operating systems and so on...

Well, that's all for this session but there's one application you're all likely to find useful, and that's Desk Top Publishing. For example, Figure 1 that you've been looking at, took me a few minutes to produce, using a desk top publishing package. The result's much neater than I could've achieved by hand.

Unit C. Computer Uses (2): Word Processing

Listening

The best way to learn about a word processor is to use it. However, I will briefly describe some of the main features.

You can use a word processor in any circumstances where you would otherwise use a typewriter. The two machines are very similar in function, although the word processor has many advantages that are not matched by a conventional typewriter. The most obvious difference is the ease of correcting mistakes. As the text is not printed as it is entered, corrections can be made at any time. Printing is carried out when the document is to your satisfaction.

When using a typewriter, it is necessary to press the carriage return key at the end of each line of text. A word processor carries out this function automatically; it is known as word-wrap. As a new line is started, the spacing of the text on the last line is adjusted so that the left and the right hand edges line up. This is known as justification and gives a professional appearance to the text. In most word processors, justification can be ‘switched off’ to give the text a ragged right-hand margin. On a word processor, the carriage return key is often referred to as the return or enter key. It is used to start a new line of text, for example the beginning of a paragraph.

Word processors make use of a cursor. This is usually a small flashing line or block and indicates the point at which text will be entered on the screen. Most keyboards have a group of four keys marked with arrows, each pointing in one of the following directions: left, right, up, down. These are known as the cursor keys and as the name suggests are used for moving the cursor around the text for editing purposes.

Cursor editing usually applies to the manipulation of smaller blocks of text, say a maximum of one line, and consists of inserting, deleting and replacing text. For example, to correct a spelling mistake, first of all use the cursor to the right of the incorrect letter and delete it using the delete key. This key is usually found above the enter key and is marked with an arrow pointing to the left. The required replacement letter is then simply typed from the keyboard and the rest of the text in the paragraph will simply re-align itself.

Keys:

1 First Steps in IT English: Words, Notions, Measurements

Unit A Parts and Measurements

Vocabulary

a) 1-с, 2-b, 3-d, 4-a, 5-c, 6-a, 7-b, 8-a, 9-b, 10-d

b) a-5 b-9 с-7 d-10 e-3 f-2 g-1 h-4 i-6 j-8

c) a-3, b-5, c-9, d-1, e-10, f-2, g-6, h-4, i-8, j-7

d)

to process data

to control hardware

to watch movies

a binary digit

an operation system

to type letters

to measure size

to play games

to run a program

a storage device

e)

Central Processing Unit

Random Access Memory

Read Only Memory

Hard Disk Drive

Digital Versatile Disk

f)

character – letter

speed – rate

device – hardware

keep – store

image – picture

software – program

storage – memory

operate – work

part – component

computer – machine

g)

1- run, 2- measure, 3-movies, CPU, 4-processes, 5-graphics, RAM

h)

1) CD-rewriter (abbr CD-RW)

2) device

3) drive

4) printer

5) keyboard

6) monitor

7) mouse

8) PC abbr personal computer

9) peripheral

10) tower

Unit B what is a computer

Vocabulary

a) 1-b 2-c 3-a 4-b 5-b 6-c 7-a 8-a 9-d 10-d

b) a-3, b-10, c-5, d-7, e-1, f-9, g-8, h-2, i-6, j-4

c) a-1, b-5, c-10, d-7, e-2, f-3, g-9, h-4, i-8, j-6

d)

to accept data

main memory

storage devices

optical drive

input devices

physical units

computer system

to process data

finished product

permanent storage

e) a-8 b-4 с-10 d-2 e-9 f-5 g-7 h-1 i-6 j-3

Reading

b) a-3 b-8 с-5 d-6 e-2 f-1 g-7 h-4 i-9

c) 1-process, 2-operate, 3-output, 4-type, 5-hardware, software

2 when you Turn on your Computer

Unit A desktop

Vocabulary

a) 1-d, 2-b, 3-b, 4-d, 5-c, 6-a, 7-c, 8-a, 9-c, 10-b

b) 1-e 2-h 3-b 4-g 5-j 6-с 7-i 8-f 9-d 10-a

c) 1-f, 2-a, 3-h, 4-j, 5-b, 6-i, 7-g, 8-c, 9-d, 10-e

d) 1-d, 2-f, 3-j, 4-h, 5-a, 6-i, 7-g, 8-c, 9-e, 10-b

Reading

a)

1-c 2-d 3-b 4-a

b) 1-, 2+, 3+, 4-, 5-, 6+

c) 1- appears, 2- background, 3- double click, 4-folder, 5- main, 6-personalize

d) a-5, b-1, c-4, d-2, e-3

Unit B Graphics User Interface

Vocabulary

a) 1-b 2-c 3-b 4-b 5-a 6-a 7-d 8-c 9-c 10-d

b) 1-b, 2-g, 3-j, 4-a, 5-e, 6-i, 7-d, 8-f, 9-h, 10-c

c) 1-h, 2-b, 3-j, 4-c, 5-g, 6-e, 7-i, 8-a, 9-d, 10-f

d)

user interface

dialog box

scroll bar

tool bar

touch screen

drop-down menu

start button

compatible devices

task bar

resident program

e) 1-buttons, 2-taskbar, 3-touchscreen, 4-resident, 5-user interface, 6-allows, 7-Start button, 8-choosing, 9-represent, 10-to hover

Speaking

b) 1-b, 2-f, 3-i, 4-a, 5-k, 6-h

Solve Anagrams

1-interactive 2-location, 3-pointer, 4- toolbar, 5-clipboard, 6- available, 7- interface, 8-search, 9- select, 10- compatible

3 The Very First Contacts with your Computer

Unit A Keys and Buttons

Vocabulary

a) 1-b, 2-a, 3-a, 4-b, 5-c, 6-c, 7- d, 8-d, 9-c, 10-a

b) 1-c, 2-j, 3-a, 4-g, 5-b, 6-d, 7-f, 8-e, 9-i, 10-h.

c) a-3, b-8, с-6, d-1, e-10, f-4, g-9, h-7, i-5, j-2

d) 1) capital letter, 2) brief description, 3) word processing, 4) keyboard layout, 5) to access data, 6) application program, 7) to cancel an instruction, 8) to sign a document, 9) alternative character, 10) blank space

Reading

a) 1- Space Bar, 2- Return/Enter, 3- Escape, 4- Alt, 5- Delete, 6- Shift, 7- Caps Lock, 8- Tab, 9- Arrow Keys, 10-Backspace

Listening

b)

a-the main keyboard, b-the function keys, c-the editing keys, d-the numeric keypad

d)

1- This key moves the cursor up.

2- This key moves the cursor to the left.

3- This key deletes a character.

4-+

5-+

6- This key brings you to the beginning of the line.

7- This key gives you all upper case letters.

Reading

c)1- modern, 2- each, 3- alphabetical, 4- together,5- these,6- six,7- caused,8- hit, 9- most-used, 10- down

d) 1-c, 2-a, 3-b, 4-b, 5-c.

Unit B Creating, Saving and Storing Files

Vocabulary

a) 1-b 2-c 3-a 4-a 5-c 6-d 7-d 8-b 9-a 10-d

b) 1-d, 2-h,3-j,4-a,5-c, 6-i, 7-b,8-g,9-,10-f

c) 1-e 2-d 3-b 4-a 5-i 6-c 7-h 8-f 9-g

d) 1- C: drive icon, 2- drop-down, 3- cursor, 4-pointer, 5-maximize, 6- restore

Reading

c) a-5 b-2 c-3 d-4

d) 1-c 2-d 3-a 4-b

e) 1+, 2+, 3 -, 4+, 5 -, 6+, 7+, 8+

f) 1-existing, 2-digital, 3-untitled, 4-Save in, 5-default, 6-Save as type

4 History and generations of Computers

Unit A. Development of Computing

Vocabulary

a) a – 1; b – 2; c – 3; d – 4; e – 3; f – 1; g – 1; h – 3; i – 2; j – 2.

b) a – 7 b – 1 c – 10 d – 5 e – 3 f – 9 g – 4 h – 8 i – 6 j – 2

c) to click on (button)

(graphics, user’s) interface

to perform (a program, function)

to develop (a program, an application)

to set up (a program)

(double) click

d)

a-memory, processor

b-develop

c-microchip

d-click

Reading

c) 1 c, 2 e, 3 f, 4 a, 5 g, 6 d, 7 b.

e)

Four.

2) over 70,000,000.

3) Xerox Corporation.

4) Apple.

5) These are systems in which users type in commands to perform a function.

6) Digital Research disk operating system.

7) c.

8) Microchips in washing-machines and cars; books may not be published in paper form; information available world-wide.

f)

international contested errors paid for buy first recommendation improved

world-wide challenged mistakes funded purchase initial endorsement upgraded

Unit B. History of Computers

1 Vocabulary

a) a – 4; b – 1; c – 2; d – 3; e – 3; f – 3; g – 2.

b) a – 6, b – 10, c – 7, d – 1, e – 3, f – 9, g – 2, h – 8, i – 5, j – 4

c)

to solve (problems)

a digital (computer)

(vacuum) tube

addition and (subtraction)

(division) and multiplication

Reading

c)

1 (False). The slide rule is a modern invention.

2 (True).

3 (True).

4 (True).

5 (False). Instructions which are not being executed are usually kept in secondary memory.

6 (False). The use of transistors increased the speed at which calculations were done.

7 (True)

8 (true)

9 (False) Computer ethnology is constantly developing and at a very fast rate.

d) Device, devised, a great deal, mistakes, figure out.

e) Modern, several, cut out, predecessors, obsolete

f)

1- c 6 - g

2 - j 7 - e

3 - h 8 - i

4 - f 9 - a

5 - b 10 - d

g)

Time Primitive times Later 17^th and 18^th centuries   1830 1930.   now Future

Event Ten fingers of a means hand Abacus invented J. Napier devised mechanical way of multiplying and dividing. Henry Briggs produced logarithm. Newton and Leibnitz invented Calculus. The first calculating machine appeared. Charles Babbage designed The Analytical Engine. The first analog computer was built by Bush. The first digital computer was completed. First use of vacuum tubes in digital computers. Newmann developed ideas of keeping instructions inside memory First-generation computers using vacuum tubes Second-generation computers using transistors Third-generation computers using controlled by tiny integrated circuits Fourth-generation computers reduced in size – microminiaturization by means of chips. Today’s computers will be obsolete

5 Computer Types and Uses

Unit A. Kinds of Computers

Vocabulary

a) 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-c, 5-a, 6-b, 7-d, 8-a, 9-b, 10-c

b) 1-c, 2-j, 3- a, 4-f, 5-h, 6-b, 7-i, 8-d, 9-e, 10-g

с) 1-g, 2-b, 3-j, 4-d, 5-c, 6-i, 7-a, 8-f, 9-h, 10-e

Comparing Computer Types

d)

1 lighter, heavier

2 largest, larger

3 more common, better

4 less powerful, less expensive

5 faster, cheaper

6 more expensive, powerful

f)

1 largest, 2 the most powerful, 3 smaller, 4 most common, 5 less powerful,

6 smaller, 7 largest, 8 small, 9 smaller, 10 small/smallest

Listening

a)

a – desktop PC, b – minicomputer, c – laptop, d – mainframe, e – handheld

b) 1-b 2-b 3-a 4-b 5-a

Listening

A)

1) The customer wants a computer for:

[v] writing

[ ] graphics

[v] games

[v] Internet

[ ] video

2) A multimedia computer provides:

[v] sound

[v] graphics

[v] animation

[ ] telephone

[v] video

B)

A	B	Device
		multimedia computer
	v	multimedia notebook
	v	subnotebook
		laptop
	v	handheld
		printer
		monitor
	v	modem

Portable Computers

Vocabulary

a) 1-b, 2-a, 3-b, 4-a, 5-c,6-b, 7-d, 8-a, 9-c, 10-d

b) 1-i 2-f 3-b 4-j 5-a 6-с 7-g 8-d 9-h 10-e

с) 1-c, 2-d, 3-j, 4- h, 5-a, 6-f, 7-g, 8-i, 9-b, 10-e

Reading

a) a-7 b-6 c-1 d-5 e-2 f-4 g-3

c)

1 F

2 F (it has been in development for 20 years according to the text)

3 T

4 T

5 (you could argue that, because the text says it happens after 1/3 second, a fortiori this will be true after 1/2 second)

6 T

7 F

8 F

d)

1 figure out

2 marketed

3 coating

4 coordinates

5 smoothing

6 smoothing

7 crooked

8 errant

9 flick

10 quirk

Listening

a)

1-T

2-F Palmtops have a small keyboard a stylus or pen to interact with a touch-sensitive screen.

3-F They usually run Palm OS, from Palm Computing or Pocket PC OS.

4-T

5-T

6-F They can transfer information to printers and PCs via cables or infrared link. The software lets you synchronize documents with your desktop PC.

7-T

b)

1 palmtops

2 handheld

3 digital

4 keyboards

5 screens

6 pen

7 systems

8 recognize

9 information

10 modem

Unit B. Computer Uses (1)

b) 1-e, 2-h, 3-a, 4-d, 5-g, 6-b, 7-i, 8-c, 9-j, 10-f

c) 1-d 2-j 3-f 4-a 5-g 6-e 7-h 8-b 9-i 10-с

Writing

a) 1-d, 2-a, 3-c, 4-a, 5-c, 6-d, 7-b, 8-b.

b) 1 – calculate the bill, 2 – control machines, 3 – hospitals, 4 – controls our money, 5 – provide entertainment and information.

Listening

b)

	Social Science	History	Engineering	Computer Science	Languages	Business Studies	General Sciences
programming				X			X
word processing				X	X
database		X		X		X
spreadsheet				X		X
DTP	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
statistics	X			X
financial software				X		X
CAD			X	X
simulations				X		X
operating systems				X

Unit C. Computer Uses (2): Word Processing

Vocabulary

a) 1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-c, 5-b, 6-a, 7-a, 8-c, 9-d, 10-d

b) 1-c, 2-h, 3-e, 4-f, 5-a, 6-b,7-i, 8-f, 9-g, 10-d

c) 1-h, 2-a, 3-e, 4-f, 5-e, 6-c, 7-i, 8-d, 9-g, 10-b

d) important – significant

to divide – to split

to report – to notify

evidence – proof

to hit – to strike

f) 1-manual, 2-coding system, 3-text editor, 4-ASCII, 5-features, 6-word processor

Reading

b) 1- WYSIWYG, 2-justification, 3- font menu, 4- type style, 5- format, 6- mail merging, 7- indent

c) 1-b, 2-f, 3-a, 4-d, 5-c, 6-e

d) 1 – upper case, 2 – lower case, 3 – plain text, 4 – bold, 5 – italic, 6 – bold italic, 7 – underline, 8 – strikethrough, 9 – outline, 10 – shadow

Unit D. Computer Uses (3): Machine Translation

1 Vocabulary

a) 1-b, 2-c, 3-c, 4-c, 5-a, 6-a, 7-b, 8-b, 9-d, 10-d

b) 1-e, 2-h, 3-b, 4-a, 5-j, 6-g, 7-c, 8-b, 9-i, 10-d

c) 1-d, 2-j, 3-h, 4-a, 5-b, 6-i, 7-f, 8-c, 9-e, 10-g

A

a number of – несколько, ряд

able – способный

above – выше, над

accept – принимать

access – доступ; получить доступ

accessible – доступный

according to – в соответствии, согласно

account – счет

achieve – достигать

achievement – достижение

adapt – приспособить

add – добавлять, складывать

addition – добавление, сложение

adjust – регулировать, настраивать

adjustment – регулировка, настройка

advantage – преимущество

advantageous – выгодный, полезный

advertise – рекламировать

advertisement (ad) – реклама

advice – совет

advisable – рекомендуемый

advise – советовать

affect – воздействовать

affection – воздействие

age – возраст, эпоха

allow – позволить

alternate – чередоваться

alternative – альтернативный

amount – количество

appear – появляться

application – приложение, заявление, применение

apply – применять, обращаться (напр., с заявлением)

appoint – назначать

appointment – назначение

approach – подход, приближение; подходить

appropriate – подходящий, соответствующий

approximate – приблизительный

approximately – приблизительно

approximation – приближение

arrange – устраивать, располагать

arrangement – устройство, расположение

arrow – стрелка, стрела

artificial intelligence (AI) – искусственный интеллект

assess – оценивать

assessment – оценка

attach – прикреплять

attachment – прикрепление, вложение

available – имеющийся в наличии, доступный

B

background picture – «обои», фоновая картинка

bar – брусок, панель

barcode – штрихкод

barcode reader – сканер штрихкода

base on/upon – основываться на

basic – основной

be referred – считаться, называться

be/get familiar with – быть знакомым/познакомиться с

below – ниже, под

between – между

bill – счет

bit (binary digit) – бит

blank – пустой, свободный

blank space – пробел

bold – жирный (о шрифте)

boot up – загружать

bottom – дно, низ

box – коробка, корпус

brief – краткий

broad – широкий

broadly speaking – говоря в общем, в целом

button – кнопка; пуговица

by means of – посредством, с помощью

byte – байт

C

cabinet – шкафчик (с полками, ящиками)

calculate – вычислять

calculation – вычисление

calculus – исчисление

call – называть, звонить

cancel – отменить

capital – капитал; столица; прописная

carry – нести

carry out – выполнять, проводить

case – случай

cause – причина; вызывать, являться причиной

challenge – вызов, сложная задача

change – изменять; сдача

character – символ; характер, персонаж

charge – заряд; заряжать

cheap – дешевый

chip – чип, микросхема

choice – выбор

choose (chose, chosen) – выбирать

circuit – схема, цепь

claim – требовать

click – «щелкнуть»

clip – вырезать

clipboard – буфер обмена; планшет

colour\color – цвет

combination – сочетание

combine – сочетать

common – общий, распространенный

compatible – совместимый

complete – полный, завершенный; закончить

compose – сочинять, составлять

composition – сочинение

compute – вычислять

computer – ЭВМ

conductor – проводник

confirm – подтверждать

confirmation – подтверждение

connect – соединять

connection – соединение, связь

consist of – состоять из

contain – содержать

control – управлять

control panel – панель управления

conversion – преобразование, перевод

convert – преобразовать

correspond (with, to) -

corresponding – соответствующий

cost – стоить; стоимость

count – считать

countable – исчисляемый

courage – мужество

CPU – central processing unit – центральный процессор

current – ток, поток; текущий

currently – в настоящее время

cursor – указатель, курсор

custom – традиция

customer – клиент

customize – подгонять, выполнять в соответствии с требованиями заказчика

customs – таможня

cut – вырезать

D

data – данные (ед. и мн. число)

database – база данных

date – дата

decide – решать

decision – решение

decrease – уменьшать

deep – глубокий

deepen – углублять

default – по умолчанию

define – определять

definition – определение

delete – удалять

depend on – зависеть от

dependable – надежный

dependence – зависимость

dependent – зависимый

depth – глубина

describe – описывать

description – описание

design – конструировать, проектировать

designer – конструктор

desktop – настольный; «рабочий стол»

desktop publishing – издательские системы

develop – развивать, разрабатывать

developer – разработчик

development – развитие, разработка

device – устройство

dialog box – диалоговое окно

diary – дневник, ежедневник

differ – различаться

difference – различие, отличие

different – различный, другой

digit – цифра

digital – цифровой

disadvantage – недостаток

display – показывать, отображать

distinct – отчетливый

distinction – отличительная черта

distinctive – отличительный

divide – делить

division – деление, подразделение

do sums – решать примеры

double-click – двойной щелчок

drive – вести; привод, дисковод

drop-down – спадающее (о меню)

due to – из-за, благодаря

DVD – Digital Versatile Disk

E

easy – легкий

edit – редактировать

edition – издание, выпуск, редактирование

editor – редактор

enable – давать возможность, позволять

encourage – вдохновлять, воодушевлять

enormous – огромный

enormously – в большой степени

entertain – развлекать

entertainment – развлечение

entire – целый, полный

entirely – полностью

entirety – целостность

entry – вход, ввод, элемент (таблицы, данных)

equip – оснащать, оборудовать

equipment – оборудование, оснащение, снаряжение

evaluate – оценивать

evaluation – оценка

exact – точный

exactly – точно

except – кроме

except for – за исключением

exception – исключение

execute – выполнять

exist – существовать

existence – существование

expect – ожидать

expectation – ожидание

expensive – дорогостоящий

exploit – эксплуатировать, использовать

extract – извлекать

F

facility – свойство, способность

familiar – знакомый

familiarity – близкое знакомство

fashion – мода

fashionable – модный

fast – быстрый

feature – черта, свойство

feed (fed) – кормить, заправлять

figure – фигура; рисунок; число

figure out – вычислять

file – файл, папка

fit – подходить

fix – закреплять, ремонтировать

flash on/off – вспыхивать, загораться/гаснуть

flight – полет, рейс

flight reservation – бронирование рейса, авиабилета

floppy disk drive – дисковод гибких дисков

folder – папка

follow – следовать

following – следующий

font – шрифт

for example – например

forget (forgot, forgotten) – забывать

forgive (forgave, forgiven) – прощать

free of charge – бесплатный

fulfill – выполнять, воплощать

fulfillment - выполнение

G

gadget – техническая новинка

general – общий

generally – в общем

graphics – графика

graphics interface – графический интерфейс

handheld – ручной

handle – ручка, рукоятка; руководить, обрабатывать, работать

hard drive – привод жесткого диска

hardware – аппаратное обеспечение

heavy – тяжелый

hertz – герц

hide (hid, hidden) – прятать, скрывать

highlight – выделять

highlighted – выделенный

hold (held) – держать

hold down – удерживать

hover – нависать

icon – значок, иконка

image – изображение

imaginary – воображаемый

imagination – воображение

imagine – представлять себе, воображать

immediate – немедленный

immediately – немедленно

improve – улучшать

improvement – улучшение, усовершенствование

in addition – в добавление, кроме того

in order to – для того чтобы

inch – дюйм

include – включать в себя

increase – увеличивать

independence – независимость

independent – независимый

in-depth – тщательный, глубокий

influence – влияние; влиять

influential – влиятельный

initial – первоначальный

initially – первоначально

input – ввод; вводить

insert – вставлять

instant – мгновенный

instantly – мгновенно

instead of – вместо

integrated circuit – интегрированная схема

intellectual – интеллектуальный, умный

intelligence – разум, интеллект

interact – взаимодействовать

interaction – взаимодействие

interactive – интерактивный, взаимодействующий

interface – интерфейс

introduce – представлять, вводить, внедрять

introduction – представление, введение, внедрение

introductory – вводный

invent – изобретать

invention – изобретение

inventor - изобретатель

investigate – расследовать, исследовать

investigation – расследование, исследование

invitation – приглашение

invite – приглашать

involve – вовлекать, включать

issue – выпуск

It suits me fine. – Мне это очень подходит/удобно.

italics – курсив

item – пункт, отдельный предмет

K

keep (kept, kept) – держать, хранить

key – ключ; клавиша; вводить с клавиатуры

keyboard – клавиатура

kind – вид; добрый

lap – колено

laptop – портативный компьютер, ноутбук

launch – запускать

layout – раскладка, вид

left – левый

let – позволять

letter – письмо; буква

light – светлый; легкий

like – нравиться, любить; подобный

line – линия, строка

link – связь, звено, ссылка

list – список; перечислять

locate – обнаруживать; располагать

location – местоположение; обнаружение

lock – замок; запирать, блокировать

lose (lost) – терять

M

main – главный

main memory – оперативная память

mainframe – большая ЭВМ; сервер; суперкомпьютер

make – делать; заставлять

make a decision – принимать решение

make an appointment with – назначать встречу, записываться на прием

make up – составлять

make-up – сборка, состав; макияж

margin – поле

means – средство (тж. мн. ч.)

measure – измерять; мера

measurement – измерение

medicine – медицина, лекарство

memo (memorandum)

memory – память

menu – меню

microchip – микросхема

microcomputer – микрокомпьютер

minicomputer – миникомпьютер

monitor – контролировать, отслеживать

mouse – мышь

move – перемещать, двигать

movement – движение

multiplication – умножение

multiply – умножать

multi-tasking – многозадачность

N

neat – аккуратный, опрятный

network – сеть

next – следующий

next to – соседний, находящийся рядом

notification – уведомление

notify – уведомить, сообщить

number – номер, число

O

obvious – очевидный

offer – предлагать; предложение

off-the-shelf – готовый

old-fashioned – старомодный

operate – работать

operation – операция, работа

option – выбор, предмет выбора

optional – дополнительный, необязательный

order – порядок, заказ, приказ, орден, ордер; заказывать, приказывать, упорядочить

ordinary – обычный

OS – operating /operation system – операционная система

outline – обрисовать, наметить контур

output – вывод; выводить

P

package – пакет, упаковка

palm – ладонь

palmtop – «наладонник», карманный компьютер

part – часть, деталь

paste – склеивать, вставить

patient – терпеливый; пациент

pattern – образец, шаблон, узор

perform – выполнять, представлять

performance – выполнение, быстродействие, спектакль

peripherals – периферийные устройства

permanent – постоянный

person – человек

personalize – воплощать, делать личным

pick up – подбирать, собирать

picture – картинка

pixel (picture element) – пиксель

plain – простой, обычный, незатейливый

plug – вставлять, подключать

pocket – карман

point – точка; указывать

pointer – указатель

power – энергия, мощность, власть

powerful - мощный

prefer – предпочитать

preferable – предпочтительный

preference – предпочтение

preparation – подготовка

prepare – готовить(ся)

press – нажимать, давить

pressure – давление

previous – предыдущий

primary – первичный

print – печатать

printer – принтер, печатающее устройство

process – обрабатывать; процесс

processor – процессор

produce – производить

production – производство

program – программа; программировать

programmer – программист

pronounce – произносить

pronunciation – произношение

proof – доказательство, подтверждение

proof-read – вычитывать

proposal – предложение

propose – предлагать

prove – доказывать

provide – предоставлять, обеспечивать

put – класть

R

RAM – Random Access Memory – оперативная память

range – диапазон; классифицировать

rate – частота, скорость

recharge – перезарядить

rechargeable – перезаряжаемый

recognition – распознавание, узнавание

recognize – распознать, узнать

record – запись; записывать

recover – восстанавливать, вернуть, выздороветь

recovery – восстановление, возвращение, выздоровление

recycle bin – корзина

refer – относиться, ссылаться

reference – ссылка, сноска

reference book – справочник

relate – относиться

related – связанный, относящийся

relation – отношение

relative – относительный; родственник

release – выпускать

remain – оставаться

remind – напоминать

reminder – напоминание

remove – перемещать, удалять

represent – представлять

require – требовать

requirement – требование

research – исследовать; исследование

reside – жить, находиться

resident – постоянно проживающий или находящийся

restore – восстанавливать

retrieval – поиск и выборка

retrieve – искать и выбирать

reverse – обратный, противоположный

right – правый, правильный

ROM – Read Only Memory – постоянное запоминающее устройство

row – ряд

run – бежать; запускать, работать

S

sale – продажа

salesperson – продавец

same – тот же самый

save – сохранить, экономить

schedule – расписание

scheduler – планировщик

screen – экран

screen saver – экранная заставка

scroll bar – полоса прокрутки

search – поиск; искать

select – выбирать

sell (sold, sold) – продавать

semiconductor – полупроводник

set – набор, множество; устанавливать

set-up – установка

shadow – тень

shape – форма; придавать форму

share – делить, совместно владеть, использовать

shift – сдвиг; сдвигать

show – показ; показывать

sign – знак; подписать

signature – подпись

significance – важность, значение

significant – важный, значительный

silicon chip – кремниевый чип

similar – подобный

simultaneous – одновременный

simultaneously – одновременно

single – единственный

size – размер

socket – разъем, розетка

software – программное обеспечение

solution – решение; раствор

solve – решать; растворить

solve a problem – решить задачу, проблему

sophisticated – сложный, изощренный

space – космос, пространство, место

speed – скорость

spell – писать или произносить по буквам

spelling – правописание

split – расщепить, разбить

spreadsheet – электронная таблица

staff – штат, персонал

state – штат, государство, состояние; утверждать

statement – утверждение

step – шаг; шагать

storage – хранилище, память

storage device – устройство хранения, накопитель

store – хранить

strike – ударить

strike through – зачеркнуть

subject – предмет; подвергать

substitute – заменить, заместить

substitution – замена, замещение

subtract – вычитать

subtraction – вычитание

suit – костюм; подходить

suitable – подходящий

suite – набор; номер-люкс

sum – сумма

sum up – подводить итог

superior – превосходящий

survey – обзор

switch – переключатель; переключать

switch on/off/from – включать/выключать/переключать с

T

table – стол; таблица

take medicine – принимать лекарство

task – задача, задание

task bar – панель задач

tax – налог

template – шаблон

tiny – крошечный

title bar – строка заголовка

tongue – язык

tool bar – панель инструментов

top – верх, вершина

touch – прикасаться

touch pad – сенсорная панель (ноутбука)

touch screen – сенсорный экран

tower – башня, системный блок

trace – след

trace back – проследить

transistor – транзистор

transmission – передача

transmit – передать

turn on\off – включить/выключить

type – тип; печатать, набирать

typeface – гарнитура

U

uncountable – неисчисляемый

undo – отменить

unit – единица, блок

user interface – пользовательский интерфейс

vacuum tube – электронная лампа

valuable – ценный

value – ценность, значение

variant – вариант

various – различный

vary – отличаться

W

wage – зарплата

within – внутри

word processing – редактирование текста

word processor – текстовый процессор

[1]скука, утомительность

[2] Начинать с самого начала

[3] Отступы, абзацы

[4] расстройство

[5] Макет, компоновка, формат

[6] Перенос (слова), слогоделение

[7] Постановка почтовых реквизитов, программа пересылки-слияния

[8] недвусмысленно

[9] проводился

[10] элементарный

[11] очевидно

[12] познавательный

[13] Мн.ч. от corpus – свод, собрание

[14] Основательный, глубокий

[15] Подтекст, смысл

[16] Точное значение

[17] Дополнительное значение

[18] Производить, выдавать

[19] удивительный

[20] Массово производить

[21] Весело, жизнерадостно

[22] обдумывать

[23] суммировать

Дата добавления: 2015-10-29