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МиНиСТеРСТВо образования РеСПУБЛиКи БЕЛАРУСЬ

Минский государственный лингвистический университет

Т. Н. Суша

Лексикология

Английского языка

Практикум

на английском языке

Рекомендовано Научно-методическим центром

учебной книги и средств обучения

Министерства образования Республики Беларусь

в качестве учебно-методического пособия

для студентов специальности

„Современные иностранные языки”

высших учебных заведений

Минск 2001

УДК 802.0-3

ББК 81.2Ан

С917

Рецензенты: Я.М. Вовшин, кандидат филологических наук, профессор (МГЛУ); Л.М. Лещева, доктор филологических наук, зав. кафедрой (Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь)

Рекомендовано Советом Минского государственного лингвистического университета

Суша Т.Н.

С917 Лексикология английского языка. Практикум: Учеб.-метод. пособие / На англ. языке; Минск. гос. лингв. ун-т. – Мн., 2001. – 62 с.

Пособие знакомит студентов с детально разработанными планами семинарских занятий по основным темам курса лексикологии английского языка. Каждая тема включает перечень проблем, вопросы для обсуждения, задания и упражнения, основную и дополнительную литературу. Относительная автономность разделов и тем позволяет вносить необходимые изменения в рекомендованную последовательность изучения и количество часов.

Предназначено для студентов факультетов иностранных языков вузов.

УДК 802.0-3

ББК 81.2Ан

Ó Т.Н. Суша, 2001

Contents

Preface.......................................................................... 4

Introduction............................................................... 6

Seminar Outlines........................................................ 9

Lexical Units............................................................. 9

Etymological Characteristics of the English Lexicon 14

Word Meaning.......................................................... 18

Polysemy.................................................................... 22

Homonymy................................................................ 27

Semantic and Non-semantic Classifications

of English Words..................................................... 31

Phraseological Units................................................. 35

Stylistic and Social Stratification of the English

Lexicon..................................................................... 41

Regional Varieties of the English Language: Lexical

Differences.............................................................. 46

Ways of Enriching and Expanding the English

Lexicon.................................................................... 52

British and American Lexicography................... 55

Recommended Reading......................................... 60

preface

The present manual is compiled to meet the needs of students taking a course inEnglish Lexicology, one of the basic linguistic courses in the University Curriculum. The manual presents a practical aid for students in their preparation for seminars and the examination in English lexicology.

The aim of the manual is to draw the students’ attention to some of the main points of the topics discussed, to develop skills of lexicological analysis of the language material and to outline recommended reading.

The manual is compiled in conformity with theLexicology Syllabus (Теория английского языка. Раздел 3. Лексикология английского языка. Программа по специальности Г.02.05. – Современные иностранные языки; П.02.07. – Английский язык. Мн., 2000).

The contents and the structure of the manual are determined by the purpose formulated above.

The manual consists of the following parts:

Introduction

Seminar Outlines

Recommended Reading and Dictionaries.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank my colleagues of the Department of English Lexicology who read the draft version of the manual and encouraged me to present the materials in the form of a book. I am especially indebted to Professor Irina Tokareva.

I am thankful to the reviewers of the manuscript, Professor Lyudmila Leshchova and Professor Yacov Vovshin, for their valuable suggestions. I also thank visiting lecturers of MSLU Brian Blackwell, Caroline Linse, and Brendan Weston for verbal comments.

I am grateful to Olga Petrova and Dmitry Sologubov whose assistance in typing the manuscript greatly facilitated the publication.

T. Susha

INTRODUCTION

The following topics are considered in the course of English Lexicology:

1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics.

2. Lexical units. The notion of lexeme.

3. General characteristics of the English lexicon.

4. Etymological characteristics of the English lexicon.

5. Word meaning. Approaches to meaning.

6. Types of meaning.

7. Word meaning and motivation.

8. Semantic change in English.

9. Polysemy.

10. Homonymy.

11. Types of semantic relations in the lexicon.

12. Semantic and non-semantic classifications of English words.

13. The structure of English words. Principles of morphemic analysis. Morphemic types of words in English.

14. Principles and basic notions of derivational analysis. Derivational types of words in English.

15. Affixation.

16. Conversion.

17. Compounding.

18. Abbreviation. Other ways of word creation.

19. Word-groups. Colligation and collocation.

20. Phraseological units.

21. The stylistic and social stratification of the English lexicon.

22. Regional varieties of the English language: Lexical differences.

23. Ways of Enriching and Expanding the English lexicon.

24. British and American lexicography.

25. Methods and procedures of lexicological research.

For more details see: Теория английского языка. Программа по специальности Г.02.05. – Современные иностранные языки; П.02.07. – Английский язык. Мн., 2000.

At present the course in English Lexicologycomprises five 2-hour lectures and ten 2-hour seminars. They are arranged as shown in Table 1 (Lectures and Seminars). If the lecturer adopts a different plan of study, he may change the amount of hours or the order of the topics to suit his plan of lectures and seminars. The tasks, exercises, and questions suggested in the manual may be extended and modified by the teacher.

The topics “The Structure of English words”, “English word-formation”, “Affixation”, “Conversion”, “Compounding”, “Abbreviation ”, and “Other ways of word creation” will be presented in the form of a workbook under the title English Word-Formation.

The topics which are not reflected in Table 1 are meant for independent study.

In preparing this manual the author has tried to take into account the latest achievements and publications in linguistic science in the field of lexicology.

For a detailed discussion of the topics/problems given abovemanuals of lexicology are recommended (see Recommended Reading, p. 55). In addition every seminar outline is supplied with linguistic literature for further reading, in which account is taken of what is available in the library of the University.

Every branch of learning is characterized by its key terms. In seeking guidance about the basic lexicological concepts and terms students are referred to Encyclopedias of Language and Dictionaries of Linguistic Terms (see p. 56).

Table 1

Lectures and Seminars

№	Topics	Lec- tures (hours)	Semi-nars (hours)	To- tal
	Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Lexical units.
	General characteristics of the English lexicon.
	Etymological characteristics of the English lexicon.
	Word meaning. Types of meaning. Semantic change in English.
	Polysemy and homonymy in English.
	Types of semantic relations in the lexicon. Semantic and non-semantic classifications of English words.
	The structure of English words. Principles of morphemic analysis. Morphemic types of words in English. Principles and basic notions of derivational analysis. Derivational types of words in English.
	English word-formation. Affixation. Conversion. Compounding. Abbreviation. Other ways of word creation.
	Phraseological units.
	The stylistic and social stratification of the English lexicon.
	Regional varieties of the English language: Lexical differences.
	Ways of enriching and expanding the English lexicon.
	British and American lexicography.

Seminar outlines

Lexical units

Topics for Discussion

1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics.

2. Lexicology and its links with other branches of linguistics. The theoretical and practical value of lexicology.

3. Lexical naming. Types of lexical naming. (General overview.)

4. The word as the basic lexical unit. The problem of the word in English. Word variants.

5. The concept of lexeme.

6. The size of the English lexicon.

7. The size of a person’s lexicon.

Key Terms

lexeme lexical item/unit lexical system lexicalization lexicology cognitive lexicology contrastive lexicology descriptive lexicology diachronic/historical lexicology general lexicology special lexicology synchronic lexicology lexicon lexis

mental lexicon morpheme derivational morpheme naming lexical naming phraseological unit ready-made unit set expression/phrase two-faceted unit vocabulary word word-group word stock word variants

Tasks and Exercises

1. What counts as a word? Define the status of the given lexical items and comment on the types of naming. Consult the recommended dictionaries:

ad Adam’s apple bike blue(-)stocking boarding school break-down demo extra- flower pot forget-me-not heart attack hot dog

hot line lily of the valley mini mother-in-law pram runaway second-rate town hall UNESCO VIP Whitehall White House

Give spelling variants of the same words (morphological variants, regional variants).

Read the excerpt and answer the questions.

HOW LARGE IS THE ENGLISH LEXICON?

The two biggest dictionaries suggest around half a million lexemes – a total approached by the unabridged Webster's Third New International (which claimed over 450,000 entries in 1961) and by the integrated edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (which claimed over 500,000 entries in 1992). The true figure is undoubtedly a great deal higher.

A comparison of these two dictionaries – or of any other group of dictionaries of comparable size – shows a remarkable lack of identity between headword lists. Discrepancies are usually caused by differing editorial emphases. The Oxford has far more historical references and British dialect items than does the Webster, which in turn has far more local American items. On the other hand, neither work would claim to be comprehensive in its coverage of the vocabulary of the new Englishes in such parts of the world as India, Singapore, and Nigeria, where thousands of new lexemes are coming into the language. And because the tradition in lexicography is to use the written language as the test for inclusion, much local spoken nonstandard vocabulary will be omitted. There must be thousands of slang expressions currently in common use which have never been recorded, such as all the lexemes which express the concept of 'being drunk' – canned, blotto, squiffy, jagged, paralytic, smashed, etc.

Even if we restrict the issue to standard vocabulary, there are many items which could be included as part of the lexicon, but which are not usually found in a dictionary. There are some half a million abbreviated forms in English, many of which have a clear lexical status (BA, FBI, NATO, etc.); and fauna and flora also provide a vast lexical resource. For example, there are apparently some million insects already described, with several million more awaiting description. This means that there must be at least a million designations enabling English-speaking entomologists to talk about their subject. Should all of these be allowed into the word-count as well?

It is difficult to see how even a conservative estimate of the English vocabulary could go much below a million lexemes. More radical accounts, allowing in all of scientific nomenclature, could easily double this figure. Only a small fraction of these totals, of course, is learned by any one of us. (From: D. Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. 1995. Р. 119)

Questions

·What linguistic items do lexicologists study?

·What is the minimal meaningful unit of language?

·What accounts for numerous and different definitions of the term word? Compare various definitions of the word and state on what properties (phonological, morphological, syntactic, etc.) of the word they are based.

·What are the main problems connected with the concept of the word in English?

·Why is the word considered the basic lexical unit?

·How do you define the term lexeme?

·How large is the English lexicon?

·How many lexical items are registered in The Oxford English Dictionary/Webster’s Third New International Dictionary?

·How large is the lexicon of a native speaker? Does it vary within different age groups/professional groups?

·How large is your lexicon?

Recommended Reading

Антрушина Г.Б., Афанасьева О.В., Морозова Н.Н. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие / На англ. яз. М., 1999.

Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / На англ. яз. М., 1986.

Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. М., 1969.

Гинзбург Р.З., Хидекель С.С., Князева Г.Ю. и др. Лексикология английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / На англ. яз. М., 1979.

Конецкая В.П. Аксиомы, закономерности и гипотезы в лексикологии // Вопросы языкознания, 1998. №2.

Кубрякова Е.С., Демьянков В.З., Панкрац Ю.Г., Лузина Л.Г. Краткий словарь когнитивных терминов. М., 1996.

Лещева л.м. Слова в английском языке: курс лексикологии современного английского языка: Учебник / На англ. яз. Мн., 2001.

Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.Н.Ярцева. М., 1990.

Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.

Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. Мн., 1992.

Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Printed in Italy, 1995. P. 119–123.

Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. Harlow, 1992.

McArthur T. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford, 1992.

McArthur T. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Abridged edition. Oxford, 1996.

Recommended Dictionaries

Новый Большой англо-русский словарь. В 3-х т. / Ю.Д. Апресян, Э.М. Медникова, А.В. Петрова и др. Под общим рук. Ю.Д. Апресяна. М., 1997.

Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary. London, 1995.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Bombay, 1987.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow, 1995.

The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. A.S.Hornby / Ed. J. Crowther. Oxford, 1995.

ETYMOLOGICAL characteristics

OF THE ENGLISH lexicon

Topics for Discussion

1. The sources of the English lexicon.

2. General composition of the word stock.

3. Words of native origin.

4. Borrowing. Assimilation of borrowings.

5. Linguistic effects of borrowing.

Key Terms

borrowing calque cognates common Germanic words etymology folk etymology etymological doublets (triplets) etymological fallacy

etymon Indo-European roots international words loan translation loanword semantic loan word origin

Tasks and Exercises

1. Trace the etymology and comment on the etymological meaning of the following words:

daisy, girl, goodbye, school, silly, window.

2. State the languages from which the following words are borrowed:

addendum, architect, area, canoe, cheese, intelligent, kindergarten, majesty, nation, paper, place, rouble, saga, soprano, steppe, tomato, umbrella, waltz.

3. Make sure you know the following abbreviations used in the Concise Oxford Dictionary (COD):

Brit./ish	Gmc/Germanic
Celt./ic	Goth./ic
cf./compare	Heb./rew
cogn./ate	It./Italian
com./mon	L/Latin
Da./nish	LL/Late Latin
Du./tch	Norm./an
E/English	OE/Old English
F/French	OF/Old French
f /rom	ON/Old Norse
Fr./ench	OS/Old Saxon
G/German	Rom./Roman; Romanic
Gk/Greek	Teut./onic

Note: for the complete list of abbreviations see the Concise Oxford Dictionary.

4. Match the etymological doublets:

balsam canal liquor major pauper salon shade shirt

mayor liqueur balm channel shadow skirt saloon poor

5. Give adjectives of Latin origin to the following nouns:

body, brother, cat, dog, earth, egg, father, foe, fox, heart, house, mind, mouth, name, town, woman (feminine, urban, mental, nominal, domestic, cordial, lupine, hostile, paternal, oval, oral, terrestrial, canine, feline, corporal, fraternal).

Questions

· What is the etymological composition of the English lexicon?

· What are the main characteristics of the words of native origin?

· What is the difference between the terms source of the borrowing and origin of the word?

· What do you understand by folk etymology?

· What are the causes and ways of borrowing?

· What are the specific features of borrowings?

· What types of assimilation of borrowings are distinguished?

· What are the main factors determining the degree of assimilation?

· What is the influence of borrowings on the English vocabulary?

· What can you say about the role of native and borrowed words in the English language?

Recommended Reading

Амосова Н.Н. Этимологические основы словарного состава современного английского языка. М., 1956.

Гринберг Л.Е., Кузнец М.Д. Сборник упражнений по лексикологии английского языка. М., 1966.

Маковский М.М. Английская этимология: Учеб. пособие для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. М., 1986.

Медникова Э.М. Практикум по лексикологии английского языка: Учеб. пособие для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. М., 1978.

Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.

Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. Мн., 1992.

Crystal D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Printed in Italy, 1995.

Recommended Dictionaries

The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Bombay, 1987.

The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology / Ed. by C.T. Onions. Oxford, 1985.

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford, 1974. Vol. 1, 2.

Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. Springfield, 1961. Vol. 1, 2.

WORD MEANING

Topics for Discussion

1. Approaches to meaning (General overview).

2. Aspects and types of word meaning (General overview).

3. Word meaning and motivation. Phonetic, morphological and semantic motivation.

Key Terms

arbitrary behaviourist approach cognitive meaning componential analysis concept connotation connotation meaning context context of situation verbal context contextual meaning contrastive analysis demotivation denotation denotational meaning emotive meaning expressive meaning extensional meaning functional approach grammatical meaning ideational approach intensional meaning lexical meaning lexical semantics

onomasiology onomatopoeia part-of-speech meaning pragmatic meaning reference referent referential approach referential meaning semantic feature semantic models semantic triangle semantics semasiology semiotics sense sign significative meaning situational meaning sound imitation structural meaning symbol systemic meaning thought truth-conditional approach

Tasks and Exercises

1. Group the following words into motivated/non-motivated and define the type of motivation:

a) buzz, cock-a-doodle-do, chirp, cry, ding-dong, discuss, hiss, grunt, mew, speak, talk, twitter, write;

b) beaver, blackboard, driver, hammer, gardener, ladder, lecturer, sunrise, workaholic.

2. Compare the type of motivation in the correlative lexical items:

English	Belarusian	Russian
bluebell holiday marriage match new moon rainbow ring snowdrop thistle	званочак свята вяселле запалка маладзік вясёлка пярсцёнак пралеска чартапалох	колокольчик праздник свадьба спичка новолуние радуга кольцо подснежник чертополох

3. In what component of meaning do these words differ?

English calf dog goose house pike rye

Belarusian цяля сабака гусь конь шчупак жыта

Russian теленок собака гусь лошадь щука рожь

Questions

· What are the main postulates of the referential approach to meaning?

· What are the main postulates of the functional approach to meaning?

· What are the three types of motivation found in words?

· What types of semantic components can be distinguished within the meaning of the word?

· What is the difference between the lexical, grammatical and part-of-speech meaning of the word?

· What component of meaning is recurrent in the given words: actors, boys, chairs, dreamers, girls, pens, schools, students, tables, trees, tulips?

· How is the grammatical meaning ofa word expressed?

· What semantic components constitute word meaning?

· What is word meaning?

Recommended Reading

Английская лексикология в выдержках и извлечениях /

С.С Хидекель. и др.: Пособие для студентов пед. ин-тов / На англ. яз. Л., 1975.

Апресян Ю.Д. Отечественная теоретическая семантика в конце ХХ столетия // Известия АН. Серия литературы и языка. 1999. T. 58, № 4. С. 39-53.

Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. / На англ. яз. М., 1986.

Беляeвская Е.Г. Семантика слова: Учеб. пособие для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. М., 1987.

Медникова Э.М. Значение слова и методы его описания: Учеб. пособие. М., 1974.

Минаева Л.В. Слово в языке и речи. М., 1986.

Никитин М.В. Лексическое значение слова (структура и комбинаторика): Учеб. пособие. М., 1983.

Палмер Ф.Р. Семантика: Oчерк. М., 1987.

Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.

Тексты по лексической семантике: Хрестоматия по лексикологии английского языка. На англ. яз. / С.А. Игнатова, А.П. Клименко и др. / Под ред. А.П. Клименко. Мн., 1998.

Ульман С. Семантические универсалии // Новое в лингвистике. Вып. 5. М., 1970. С. 250-299.

Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. Мн., 1992.

International Encyclopedia of Linguistics / Ed. by W. Bright. New York; Oxford, 1992. Vol. 1–4.

Recommended Dictionaries

Англа-беларуска-рускі слоўнік / Т.М.Суша, А.К. Шчука, А.У. Таболіч, В.М. Федасеева; Пад агул. рэд. Т.М. Сушы, А.К. Шчукі. Мн., 1989.

Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. М., 1969.

Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.Н. Ярцева. М., 1990.

Collins Cobuild English Dictionary. London, 1995.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Bombay, 1987.

The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. A.S. Hornby / Ed. J. Crowther. Oxford, 1995.

Polysemy

Topics for Discussion

1. Semantic change in English. Causes, nature and results of semantic change.

2. Polysemy in English. Causes of polysemy.

3. Polysemy and frequency.

4. Semantic structure of polysemantic words. Types of meaning (diachronic approach to polysemy, synchronic approach to polysemy).

5. Polysemy and context. Types of context (lexical context, grammatical context).

6. Semantic structure of correlative words in different languages.

7. Polysemy in synchronic and diachronic dictionaries.

Key Terms

ambiguity

lexical ambiguity

amelioration of meaning

analogy

basic meaning

central/main/major meaning

context (verbal context, context of situation)

contiguity

derived/secondary meaning

deterioration/pejoration of meaning

direct meaning

disambiguation

extension/generalization of meaning

figurative meaning

lexical-semantic variant

metaphor (metaphoric meaning)

metaphtonymy

metonymy (metonymic meaning)

minor meaning

multiple meaning

narrowing/restriction/specialization of meaning

nominative meaning

original/primary meaning

similarity

systematic polysemy

transfer

Tasks and Exercises

Define polysemy as a linguistic phenomenon.

Give working definitions of the key terms with examples.

3. Comment on the semantic processes that were at work in the following words:

arrive bird boor camp cowboy deer doctrine engine fowl gay hound knave knight lord

marshal meat minister office place queen revolutionary silly starve target teach thing Tory villain.

4. Prove that the meanings in the following polysemantic words are related: hand, head, heavy, table. (Use the dictionaries.)

5. Comment on the semantic structure of the following words from the synchronic point of view: cat, dog, hand, head, mouth, nose. Find points of similarity in the semantic relationship between the meanings of different words.

6. Comment on the types of meaning (metaphoric/ metonymic) in the following items:

the arm of a chair

cold voice

loud colours

the eye of a needle

the foot of the mountain

the head of a pin

sweet temper

black deeds

to devour a detective story

to burn with anger

the hands of a clock

every head of cattle

to have a good head for figures

7. Compare the semantic structure of correlative words ( e.g. black, cat, hand, etc. ) in English – Belarusian – Russian and comment on the points of similarity and difference.

8. Analyse the semantic structure of the word table in diachronic and synchronic dictionaries paying attention to the order of meanings.

Questions

· What are the causes of polysemy?

· Polysemy is a semantic universal, isn’t it?

· What are the causes of semantic change?

· What are the patterns of polysemy for English, Belarusian and Russian words denoting animal names, parts of the body, and colour terms?

· How can one distinguish between different meanings of a polysemantic word and different usage of the word?

· What role does context play in determining the meaning of words?

· What is understood by verbal context?

· What is understood by context of situation?

· Why is it necessary to compare/contrast foreign and native languages?

Recommended Reading

Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр яз. / На англ. яз. М., 1986.

Лещева Л.М. Лексическая полисемия: история изучения, актуальные проблемы и перспективы исследования. Серия „Лекции преподавателей”. Мн., 1994. № 2.

Лещева Л.М. Лексическая полисемия в когнитивном аспекте. Мн., 1996.

Литвин Ф.А. Многозначность слова в языке и речи. М., 1984

Медникова Э.М. Значение слова и методы его описания: Учеб. пособие. М., 1974.

Палмер Ф.Р. Семантика: Oчерк. М., 1987.

Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.

Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. Мн., 1992.

Recommended Dictionaries

Англа-беларуска-рускі слоўнік / Т.М.Суша, А.К.Шчука, А.У.Таболіч, В.М.Федасеева; Пад агул. рэд. Т.М.Сушы, А.К.Шчукі. Мн., 1989.

Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. М., 1969.

Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Гл. ред. В.Н.Ярцева. М., 1990.

Collins Cobuild English Dictionary. London, 1995.

The Concise Oxford Dictionary. Bombay, 1987.

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow, 1995.

The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. A.S. Hornby / Ed. J. Crowther. Oxford, 1995.

The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford, 1974. Vol. 1, 2.

Homonymy

Topics for Discussion

1. Homonymy of words and homonymy of word-forms.

2. Classification of homonyms.

3. Sources of homonymy.

4. Diachronic and synchronic approaches to homonymy.

5. Criteria for the differentiation between polysemy and homonymy.

6. Homonymy in dictionaries.

Key Terms

convergent diverging homograph homonym homophone

grammatical homonyms lexical homonyms lexico-grammatical homonyms patterned homonymy

Tasks and Exercises

1. Classify the following homonyms into lexical, lexico-grammatical and grammatical homonyms:

ball¹ (n) bank¹ (n) bear (n) draw (n) found (v) ground (n) kind (adj) left (adj) mine (n) own (adj) page¹ (n) use (n)

ball² (n) bank³ (n) bear (v) draw (v) found (past of “to find”) ground (past of “to grind”) kind (n) left (past of “to leave”) mine (of “my”) own (v) page³ (n) use (v)

2. Find homophones to the following words:

fair (adj)

flower (n)

idle (adj)

key (n)

plain (adj)

principal (adj)

reign (v)

see (v)

steel (v)

tail (n)

weather (n)

3. Find homographs to the following words:

bow [baU] (n)

row [raU] (n)

tear [tI«] (n)

use [ju:s] (n)

Study the arrangement of homonyms in general-purpose and specialized dictionaries.

5. Prove that the following lexical items are homonyms:

case¹ (n) an instance of something occurring;

case² (n) any of various types of container or covering used for keeping or protecting things;

pupil¹ (n) a person, especially a child, who is taught in school or privately;

pupil² (n) the dark circular opening in the centre of the eye that becomes smaller in bright light and larger in the dark.

Questions

· What are the main sources of homonymy in English?

· What accounts for the abundance of homonymous words and word-forms in English?

· Does homonymy exist only among words and word-forms? Can we speak about homonymy of other lexical units? Give examples.

· Into what types are homonyms classified by the type of meaning?

· Into what types are homonyms classified if their sound-form/ graphic form is taken into account?

· What homonyms have related meanings?

· What is understood by patterned homonymy?

· What is the essential difference between homonymy and polysemy?

· What are the criteria for differentiation between polysemy and homonymy?

· Why is the semantic criterion not always reliable in differentiating between polysemy and homonymy?

Recommended Reading

Соболева П.А. Словообразовательная полисемия и омонимия. М., 1980.

Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. М., 1956.

Харитончик З.А. Лексикология английского языка: Учеб. пособие. Мн., 1992.

Recommended Dictionaries

Малаховский Л.В. Словарь английских омонимов и омоформ. М., 1995.

The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. A.S.Hornby / Ed. J.Crowther. Oxford, 1995.

Semantic and non-semantic classifications

Of english words

Topics for Discussion

1. Semantic relations in the lexicon.

2. Semantic classifications of words:

2.1. Semantic (lexico-semantic) fields.

2.2. Lexico-semantic groups (LSG).

2.3. Lexico-grammatical groups (Arnold’s classification).

2.4. Hypero-hyponymic sets (structures).

2.5. Synonymic sets.

2.6. Antonymic pairs.

3. Thematic groups.

4. Non-semantic groupings of words.

Key Terms

antonym antonymy content words contradictories converses cyclical relations hierarchies hypernym/hyperonym hyponym hyponymic relationship hyponymy incompatibles lexical category

lexical field lexical gap lexical set paradigmatic relations part-whole relations semantic component semantic field seme synonym ideographic synonyms stylistic synonyms synonymy syntagmatic relations

Tasks and Exercises

Give working definitions of the following terms and find examples of words which are characterized by these sense relations.

hyponymy

synonymy

antonymy

part-whole relations

cyclical relations, etc.

2. Classify the following nouns into lexico-grammatical groups:

agent, artist, audience, baker, boy, cat, cattle, contempt, cotton, crew, crowd, discretion, dog, doubt, economy, family, fleet, flock, gentry, gold, honesty, honey, indignation, inspiration, iron, lion, painter, panther, picture, police, poultry, sadness, scholar, snow, swarm, table, tea, tiger, volunteer, wannabe, workaholic.

3. State the hyperonym for the following words:

asp, birch, chestnut, lime, maple, oak, willow.

4. Find synonyms to the following words:

beautiful (adj) begin (v) help (v) love (n) see (v)

5. Find antonyms to the following words:

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