Читайте также:
|
Привет всем, спасибо что приобрели данный материал(бесплатно, блин, приобрели). Тут будет небольшое объяснение заданий и че в них вообще надо делать.
Разделены сами задания римскими циферками(I, II, III и т.д.), которые могут в свою очередь иметь подразделы(A,B и т.д.). Начнем же с задания I:
I. Тут всего 120 тестов, все сделаны, ничего сложного
II. Тут уже посложнее, задания на перефраз, тут то и есть 2 подраздела A и B
В подразделе А нужно составить перефраз с прямой речи в непрямую, собственно тоже ничего сложно – все уже сделано
В подразделе В нужно составить перефраз из активного времени в пассивный, тоже все уже сделано
III. В задании III дана таблица слов(это таблица на 2 колонки, а одна колонка), к каждому их этих слов надо подобрать синонимы, которые надо взять из головы – их я тоже все по вставлял, разберетесь(по моему только одно слово не вставил, уж не знаю какой там синоним)
IV. В задании IV то же самое что и в III, только вместо синонимов надо подобрать антонимы
V. В задании V дана таблица слов, которым надо дать определения, не знаю уж как их надо давать(устно или письменно), но я не буду писать определения для каждого слова, уж сорян
VI. Задание VI – даны 12 текстов, с пропущенным словами и словами для вставки сверху в табличке, их надо вставить, а ниже текста надо придумать 3 вопроса к данному тексту. В общем то все уже сделано, как вставлены слова, так и написаны вопросы
VII. Задание VII, как в нем говориться, здесь нужно прочитать текст и перевести его на русский язык СО СЛОВАРЕМ, так что просто возьмите с собой словарик и с этим не будет никаких проблем, я не могу переводить все те тексты, слишком долго(но если кому то надо какой то конкретный текст, то писать в лс)
VIII. Ну и последнее это темы на разговорную речь, тут уж никак помочь не могу, че наговорите, то наговорите
Я гарантирую правильность в 95%(если не 100%), чего я надеюсь вам достаточно. Сделал и проверил сам, так что все должно быть в порядке и если хорошо ответите устную часть, а письменную спишите отсюда, то «5» гарантирую. Удачи. Да прибудет с вами сила
Промежуточный контроль
I.Choose the best answer among A, B, С, and D. (Grammar Test)
1. It ___ that medical profession is the most difficult to master.
a) considers b) consider c) is considering d) is considered
2. Your presentation should ___ by the lecturer.
a) to be checked b) to check c) check d) be checked
3. The scientists ___ already ___ the new equipment for the dental surgery.
a) have … tested b) haven’t … tested c) had … tested d) hadn’t … tested
4. I’m afraid you won’t be able to leave on Sunday. Treatment ___ by the end of the week.
a) has not completed b) hasn’t been completed
c) won’t have completed d) won’t have been completed
5. My friend said that he _____ at the lecture on biochemistry the day before.
a) wasn’t b) isn’t c) hasn’t been d) hadn’t been
6. Tomorrow I will talk to the professor ____ daughter is my group mate.
a) who b) whose c) that d) these
7. “You may take these books to the library.” “Which ____? There are so many on the shelf.”
a) ones b) that c) one d) those
8. Medical science managed ______ smallpox.
a) eradicate b) eradicating c) to eradicate d) to be eradicated
9. There will be only five of us at the party. Could you invite ____ else?
a) someone b) anyone c) no one d) anything
10. The patient felt rather well so the physician administered ____ antibiotics ____ analgesics.
a) either…or b) both…and c) neither…nor d) not only… but also
| Грамматически правильны оба варианта, тут в большей степени от смысла зависит, так как «пациенту стало лучше и доктор решил назначить – ли,о и то и то(both…and) либо НИ то НИ то(neither…nor)» ----- выбирайте сами |
11. One ___ that potent drugs may cause serious side effects.
a) is believed b) believe c) is believing d) believes
12. The doctor agreed ___ on this patient in a week.
a) to operate b) be operated c) to be operated d) will operate
13. Up to now my brother and his friend ___ only 10 tasks for the module.
a) prepared b) has prepared c) have prepared d) prepared
14. My friend ___ at the module test because he ______ the material properly.
a) failed… hadn’t revised b) failed … didn’t revise
c) fail … hasn’t revised d) had failed … didn’t revise
15. Any pharmacy needs an area _____ drugs.
a) to be stored b) storing c) stored d) to store
16. The nurse ___is giving injections in your ward is very experienced.
a) which b) whose c) who d) of which
17. “Let’s go to the laboratory tomorrow at 8.00.” “I don’t want to go ___ so early.”
a) somewhere b) then c) there d) everywhere
18. No cases of poliomyelitis ___ for the last two decades.
a) have been reported b) has been reported c) have reported d) were reported
19. I’ll have to buy a new stethoscope. I could find mine ______.
a) everywhere b) somewhere c) anywhere d) nowhere
20. He knows nothing about _____ bones _____ muscles.
a) either … or b) neither … nor c) and… and d) and… or
21. Does your friend live _____ in Switzerland?
a) everywhere b) nowhere c) somewhere d) anywhere
22. You should _______ the alternatives to drugs.
a) to be checked b) be checked c) to check d) check
23. ___ you ___ that medication yet?
a) Had … taken b) Have … taken c) Did … take d) Do … take
24. Where ___she ___ before she started working at our hospital?
a) did.. study b) has … studied c) had … studied d) do … study
25. My friend asked me where I ______ to spend my summer holidays.
a) would b) was going c) will d) am going
26. I would recommend you the doctor ____ the best surgeon in our hospital.
a) who is b) when is c) which is d) what is
27. Do you have a stethoscope? If not, you may take the ___ on the table.
a) ones b) it c) that d) one
28. One ___ that the first drugstores were opened in Baghdad in 754.
a) supposing b) is supposed c) supposes d) suppose
29. This method ___ by the specialists of our clinic.
a) is developed b) is developing c) developed d) has been developed
30. There are ___ universal donors ___ universal recipients.
a) not only … but also b) either … or c) neither … nor d) and … and
31. Jane wanted ____________ a qualified medical treatment.
a) to give b) to be giving c) to be given d) giving
32. She _____________a surgeon two years ago.
a) becomes b) became c) has become d) had become
33. My brother _________________ home since last Sunday.
a) wasn’t b) hasn’t been c) hadn’t been d) isn’t
34. Patients with obesity are recommended to reduce consumption ____ carbohydrates.
a) from b) with c) of d) on
35. Yesterday while I ___________ for my English test, my friend ______ me.
a) prepared, called b) preparing, calling
c) was preparing, called d) am preparing, is calling
36. It is ____________ that this drug shouldn’t be taken before going to bed.
a) consider b) considered c) considering d) been considered
37. By the 1st of June I _________my essay.
a) will complete b) will be completed
c) will have completed d) will have been completed
38. The doctor thought that he ___________ her patient once more on Wednesday.
a) will examine b) examined c) examines d) would examine.
39. Dr Jones __________ articles have been published in our journal is a very famous researcher.
a) what b) those c) whose d) that
40. Pharmacy is a field of health sciences ____________ on safe and effective use of medications.
a) focused b) focus c) focusing d) has focused
4 1. Muscles contract _______ one bone towards another.
a) pulled b) be pulled c) pulling d) pull
42. I hope by July I ______ all my exams.
a) will pass b) am passing c) will have passed d) would have passed
43. May I take _______´s stethoscope?
a) anybody b) someone c) no one d) anything
44. I _____ Jane for 4 years.
a) knew b) know c) have known d) had known
45. Nobody _____ to support him in this situation.
a) doesn´t want b) didn´t want c) want d) wants
46. Patients expect _____ the procedure in detail.
a) to explain b) to be explaining c) to be explained d) explaining
47. Multicellular organisms are _____ of the combination of cells, tissues and organs.
a) composing b) composes c) being composed d) composed
48. The x-ray showed that the bone ______ eight weeks before.
a) was broken b) broke c) had been broken d) has been broken
49. She ______ for a walk only after she _______ her report in physics.
a) goes, finished b) went, had finished
c) went, has finished d) has gone, had finished
50. ____ the nurse ____ gave me analgesic yesterday.
a) It is...when b) It was....when c) It was....that d) It was....who
51. The patient said that he ______ the following Monday.
a) will have been operated on b) will be operated on
c) was operated on d) would be operated on
52. She ______ the cadaver the day before yesterday.
a) dissects b) has dissected c) had dissected d) dissected
53. The physician said that the patient ____ feel gastric discomfort.
a) may b) can c) might have d) might
54. I hope this weekend will be _______ to remember.
a) which b) whose c) one d) this
55. _______ could do this exercise.
a) Something b) Somewhere c) Everything d) No one
56. I am sure you _____ your presentation by tomorrow night.
a) finish b) will finish c) will have finished d) have finished
57. She ______ hundreds of doctors in her life.
a) visited b) visits c) has visited d) was visiting
58. Yesterday I met Mr McKnight, the professor _____ lectures I like very much.
a) which b) that c) whom d) whose
59. He wanted his proposal ________.
a) to accept b) to be accepted c) to have accepted d) to be accepting
60. A lecture on osteoporosis _____ already _____ by this prominent professor.
a) will be delivered b) will have been delivered
c) has been delivered d) has delivered
61. They ___ pregnant women shouldn’t take aspirin.
a) considers b) consider c) are considered d) are considering
62. A doctor provides first aid to all regardless of their ability ___.
a) to pay b) pay c) to be paid d) be paid
63. I ___ articles since I returned to clinic.
a) haven’t written b) hasn’t written c) didn’t write d) don’t write
64. I went to bed after I ______ all the English words.
a) have memorised b) had memorised c) memorised d) would memorise
65. He said that CSMU students _______ to university on Saturday and Sunday.
a) didn’t go b) don’t go c) won’t go d) wouldn’t have gone
66. It was the nervous system ___ our group chose as a topic for presentation.
a) what b) who c) why d) that
67. May I help you with this procedure? I’ll ___ immediately.
a) do b) make it c) do it d) do one
68. The patient ___by the doctor before the results of his analyses _____ ready.
a) had been examined… were b) has been examined … were
c) was examined … had been d) examined … were
69. ____ is safe from the flu. You can catch it at any place.
a) Anybody b) Everybody c) Somebody d) Nobody
70. The doctor prescribed ___ balanced diet ___ some medications to the patient.
a) either … or b) both … and c) nothing … nor d) and … and
71. One ___ that anaemia can be caused by chronic blood loss.
a) was believed b) is believed c) believed d) believes
72. It is such a pity that Kate felt unwell and had ______ early.
a) to leave b) to be left c) leave d) be left
73. They ___ just ___ an exam in chemistry.
a) has … passed b) have … passed c) were … passing d) had… passed
74. By the end of the first year medical students ___ all Latin terms.
a) will have learned b) would have learned c) will learn d) would learn
75. The lecturer said the biggest bone in the body ___the femur in the thigh.
a) am b) are c) was d)were
76. Yesterday we met Mr Goldsmith ___ students had won competitions.
a) of which b) who c) whose d) which
77. Oh, there are some new journals in the library. Which ___ would you take?
a) one b) that c) those d) these
78. This method ___ never ___ in clinical practice.
a) has … been used b) have … been used c) has … used d) have … used
79. Can you ask ___to help me?
a) someone b) somebody c) anybody d) nobody
80. We don’t need ____plasma ___ blood for transfusion.
a) either … or b) both … and c) neither … nor d) not only … but also
81. It ___ that the most popular type of chemist’s shops is community pharmacy.
a) knowing b) knows c) is known d) was known
82. People expect ___________ advice on minor problems by a pharmacist.
a) to be given b) to give c) be given d) giving
83. Why ___ he ___ at the anatomy test yesterday?
a) did … fail b) has … failed c) have … failed d) had …failed
84. The patient ______ the course of antibiotics by next Saturday.
a) will complete b) is completing c) completes d) will have completed
85. He said the results ______ to the GP yet.
a) has not been brought b) had not been brought
c) were not brought d) would not be brought
86. Mitochondria provide energy ______ cells need to function.
a) of which b) who c) whose d) which
87. Which computer did you use? – I used the ____ in your surgery.
a) one b) those c) that d) ones
88. My pen won’t write. Can I take ____________’s pen?
a) someone b) everyone c) no one d) anyone
89. _______ Robert Boyle ______ reported the first transfusion between animals.
a) It is ___ that b) It was ____ that c) It was ___ who d) It is ___ who
90. Blood group 0 has ___ A ___ B antigens.
a) neither … nor b) either … or c) both … and d) and … also
91. My friend promised that by the end of the term she ______ all the new words.
a) will learn b) would learn c) will have learnt d) would have learnt
92. We can improve muscle tone _______ physical exercises.
a) done b) having done c) doing d) do
93. YesterdayI met Dr Simpson __________ daughter is a medical student, too.
a) that b) those c) which d) whose
94. This patient expects _____ blood transfusion tomorrow.
a) to give b) be giving c) to be given d) giving
95. We went home only when all the tests ________.
a) were done b) did c) had been done d) have been done
96. Is there ____________ else in the waiting area?
a) someone b) no one c) anyone d) everyone
97. The doctor said that the patient ____ hypnotics.
a) takes b) is taking c) was taking d) will take
98. We __________ more than twenty module tests so far.
a) have passed b) passed c) has passed d) have been passed
99. My father ______ a new sphygmomanometer at the chemist’s three days ago.
a) buys b) has bought c) had bought d) bought
100. A lecture on balanced diet _______ by professor Miles lately.
a) will be delivered b) will have been delivered
c) has been delivered d) has delivered
101. A prescription area ________ with a prescription counter.
a) equipped b) is equipping c) is equipped d) has equipped
102. One _________ that it is very difficult to study at a medical school.
a) knows b) is known c) knew d) was known
103. Average life expectancy in Europe _____ dramatically over the last hundred years.
a) had risen b) rose c) is rising d) has risen
104. This patient _______ just _________ by the consultant.
a) has … examined c) had … been examined
b) has … been examined d) had … examined
105. My brother has dreamt ___________ a surgeon since childhood.
a) becoming b) become c) will become d) to become
106. I was late. So when I came the lecture _______________.
a) had started b) started c) would start d) has started
107. The article _____ by next Friday.
a) will be finished b) will have finished c) will finish d) will have been finished
108. He said that he ____ at home the day before.
a) was b) has been c) had been d) would be
109. Dr Smith is the physician ____ methods of therapy are very popular.
a) which b) that c) those d) whose
110. It ____ antiemetics ___ prevent vomiting.
a) is ….that b) is…which c) was….that d) was….who
111. ____ anyone ___ patient N. yet?
a) Does…examine b) Is …examining c) Had….examined d) Has…examined
112. It ___ antihistamines ___ are prescribed to allergic patients.
a) was…who b) was…that c) is….that d) is…who
113. The right lung is bigger than the left _______.
a) one b) ones c) those d) that
114. Don’t worry, Mum. I _________ everything by the exam.
a) will have revised b) have revised c) will revise d) would have revised
115. Physicians ___ antibiotics for more than 100 years.
a) use b) are using c) have used d) used
116. Vitamins and different minerals should ___ in our diet.
a) supply b) to be supplied c) to supply d) be supplied
117. After Peter ____ his homework, he ____ out.
a) had completed, went b) has completed, went
c) completes, went d) will complete, will go.
118. The nurse said that Dr Brown ___ an operation at that moment.
a) is making b) made c) was making d) had made
119. antihypertensive drugs are used ___________ high blood pressure.
a) to treat b) treat c) to be treated d) be treated
120. _______ could answer the question correctly.
a) Something b) Nothing c) Everything d) No one
II. Tasks on transformation:
A. Report the following sentences:
1. The surgeon said: “This drug has certain side effects.”
The surgeon said that ___ the drug had certain side effects ________________________________.
2. My friend said: “I was at the conference last year.”
My friend said that __ he had been at the conference last year ___________________________.
3. The lecturer said: “I’ll have checked your papers by Monday.”
The lecturer said that ____ he would have checked my papers by monday ______________.
4. The nurse said: “Dr Johnson is making an operation.”
The nurse said that __ Dr Johnson was making an operation __________________________.
5. The professor said: “Your mother will recover in a week.”
The professor said that __ my mother would recover in a week ______________________.
6. The paediatrician said: “In deficiency of Vitamin D your child may develop rickets.”
The paediatrician said that _ in deficiency of vitamin D my child might develop rickets _______________.
7. The patient said: “I am not feeling very well.”
The patient said that __ he was not feeling very well _____________________.
8. My mother said: “I hope you visited your granny last weekend.”
My mother said that __ she hoped that I had visited my granny last weekend __________________.
9. The nurse said: “After taking these drugs you may have nausea.”
The nurse said that _ after taking these drugs I might have nausea ______________________.
10. The patient said: “I cannot move my right foot.”
The patient said that __ i could not move my right foot ____________________.
11. Our lecturer said: “I have answered all your questions.”
Our lecturer said that _ he had answered all our questions _______________________.
12. The physician said: “I am examining a patient with osteoporosis now.”
The physician said that __ he was examining a patient with osteoporosis ___________.
13. The patient said: “The professor examined me yesterday.”
The patient said that __ that the professor had examined me yesterday ___________________.
14. The doctor said: “I will confirm my diagnosis after tests.”
The doctor said that ___ he would confirm my diagnosis after tests _______________________.
15. The visitor said to Jane: “I can bring you more books.”
The visitor said to Jane that _ he could bring me more books ______________________.
16. The patient said: “I will be discharged from the hospital tomorrow.”
The patient said that ___ he would be discharged from hospital the day after today _________.
17. The doctor said: “This patient had rickets in childhood.”
The doctor said that __ this patient had rickets in childhood _____________________.
18. The nurse said to the patient: “I can give you another injection of a pain-killer.”
The nurse said to the patient that _ she could give me another injection of pain-killer ____________.
19. The nurse said: “You may see the dentist on Monday.”
The nurse said that ____ i might see the dentist on monday ______________________.
20. The doctor said: “I’ve prescribed you some painkillers.”
The doctor said that ___ he had prescribed me some painkillers ________________________.
21. The patient said: “I don’t normally have headaches.”
The patient said that ___ he did not normally have headaches _____________________________.
22. The nurse said: “The doctor will see you next Tuesday.”
The nurse said that ___ the doctor would see me next tuesday __________________________.
23. The doctor said: “The consultant examined your mother yesterday.”
The doctor said that ___ the consultant had examined my mother the day before today ______________.
24. Jack said: “My friend never goes to hospital.”
Jack said that __ hid friend never went to hospital __________________________.
25. My friend said: “I’ve found something interesting on the Internet.”
My friend said that __ he had found something interesting on the internet ________________________.
26. The doctor said: “I am looking for my stethoscope.”
The doctor said that _________ he was looking for his stethoscope __________________.
27. The nurse said to the patient: “Today you can eat only porridges.”
The nurse said to the patient that __ that day he could eat only porridges _________________________.
28. The professor said: “Robert Hook discovered a cell in 1665.”
The professor said that ___ Robert Hook had discovered a cell in 1665 ___________________.
29. The doctor said: “This drug is not safe for pregnant women.”
The doctor said that __ that drug was not safe for pregnant women ________________________.
30. The patient said: “I may go home tomorrow.”
The patient said that ____ he might go home the day after today ___________________________.
31. The professor said: “Students cannot write out prescriptions to patients.”
The professor said that ___students could not write out prescriptions to patients_____.
32. The doctor said: “I am waiting for you next Wednesday.”
The doctor said that ___ he was waiting for me next wednesday ____________________________.
33. The patient said: “Two years ago I had appendicitis.”
The patient said that ___ two years ago I had had appendicitis _________________________.
34. The professor said: “Vitamin C was isolated in 1932.”
The professor said that ___ the vitamin C had been isolated in 1932 _______________.
35. The nurse said to me: “I am going to take your blood pressure.”
The nurse said to me that ____s he was going to take my blood pressure ______________.
36. The patient said: “The doctor will confirm his diagnosis after investigations.”
The patient said that __ the doctor would confirm my diagnosis after investigations _________________.
B. Transform the following sentences from active into passive voice.
1. Someone has already described the digestive system to the students.
____ The digestive system has already been described to the students _______________________.
2. The doctor will x-ray the patient’s leg.
__ The patient’s leg will be x-rayed (by the doctor) _________________________________.
3. Someone had brought the stethoscope before we left. (Make changes in the 1st part only)
_ The stethoscope had been brought before we left ________________________________________.
4. Students observed organelles under the microscope.
___ Organelles were observed under the microscope(by the students) ___________________.
5. Someone has already described all blood types.
_____ All blood types have already been described(by someone) _____________________________.
6. I hope she will have returned the book by next month.
________ I hope the book will have been returned by next month (by her) ____________________.
7. The neck connects the trunk with the head.
____ The trunk is connected to the head by the neck _____________________________________.
8. Someone has already checked all the students’ works.
__ All student’s works have already been checked(by someone) ____________________________.
9. The epithelial tissue lines the internal organs.
___ The internal organs are lined by the epithelial tissue _________________________________.
10. Students will have described all the pictures by tomorrow.
____ All the pictures will have been described by tomorrow(by the students) ______________________.
11. The shoulder girdle connects the trunk with the upper limbs.
_____ The trunk is connected with the upper limbs by the shoulder girdle _________________.
12. They have already discussed nutrition for patients with obesity.
_____ Nutrition has already been discussed(by them) _____________________________.
13. Someone has just x-rayed the spinal column.
____ The spinal column has just been x-rayed(by someone) ____________________________.
14. Immovable joints unite skull bones.
____ Skull bones are united by immovable joints ______________________________________.
15. Someone has already explained the hospital rules to a new patient.
_____ A new patient has already been explained the hospital rules(by someone) ____________.
16. The doctor will discharge him tomorrow.
____ He will be discharged by the doctor tomorrow ________________________________.
17. Something has weakened the bones in this child.
___________ Child’s bones have been weakened by something _______________________________.
18. They will examine twenty patients on Thursday.
______ Twenty patients will have been examined on Thursday(by them) _________________________.
19. Dr Smith has just given me a referral to a cardiologist.
____ A referral has just been given to me(by Dr Smith) _____________________________________.
20. Someone will do the task next month.
___ The task will be done next month(by someone) __________________________________.
21. The professor will not deliver a lecture on anatomy next Friday.
______ The lecture on anatomy will not be delivered next friday _______________________________.
22. They have already operated on three patients today.
_____ Three patients have already been operated today(by them) _______________________________.
23. Dr Lind published the Treatise on the Scurvy in 1753.
__ The treatise on the scurvy was published by Dr Lind in 1753 __________________________.
24. Someone will have checked all the students’ works by Sunday.
___ Students’ works will have been checked by sunday ___________________________________.
III. Provide the synonyms to the following words. (синонимы)
| a painkiller - analgesic femur - thigh a chemist’s (shop) - pharmacy to finish – to quit, end erythrocytes – red blood cells to give blood – to donate blood extremity - limb toxic - poisonous somebody - anybody drug - medication limbs - extremity erythrocytes – red blood cells to link – to fuse, to connect an operation – a surgery slow twitch fibres - a skull - c ranium an oral cavity - mouth a sternum – breast bone | spine – vertebral column passage - transmitting adverse reaction – an undesirable effect respiration - breathing leukocytes – white blood cells pharmacist - druggist nourishing substance - nutrientы platelets – trombocytes a skull - cranium a vertebral column - spine a jaw bone - mandible white blood cells - leukocytes blood clotting - coagulation a brand name – a trade name a druggist - chemist blood clotting - coagulation an undesirable effect – adverse reaction(side effect |
IV. Provide the antonyms to the following words: (антонимы)
| recipient - donor dangerous - safe compatible – incompatible the generic name – brand name striated - smooth involuntary - voluntary junk food – healthy food solid - liquid balanced - unbalanced atrophy - hypertrophy a contraindication - indications dangerous - safe rough endoplasmic reticulum – soft endoplasmic reticulum | unicellular - multicellular saturated - poor to decrease – to increase elastic – non-elastic fast twitch fibres - slow twitch fibres voluntary - involuntary liquid - solid indicated – contraindicated slow twitch fibres - fast twitch fibres contract - relax atrophy - hypertrophy a trade name – a generic name |
V. Give the definition to the following terms: (дать определения, я не знаю письменно или устно)
| mitosis phagocytes obesity an organ antihistamines lymph haemoglobin osteoporosis histopathology a cell cytoplasm phagocytosis a cranium atrophy plasma a skeleton a vertebra a cell a tissue vitamins proteins | a lymph node rickets hypertrophy smooth muscles complete blood count a dispensary platelets antihypertensive drugs mitochondria dosage carbohydrates overdose nerve tissue type ab blood fats a private counselling area epithelial tissue haemostasis diuretics proteins | a neck type a blood an organ system an antigen antiemetics a nose type o blood anticoagulants a waiting area type b blood a prescription area antineoplastics muscle tone ossification sedatives a pharmacy a trunk avitaminosis a nucleus |
VI. Fill in the gaps with the words or word combinations which suit best. There are two extra words which you do not need to use. Then write three questions to the text.
Text 1
| lymph, liquid, nervous, support, healthy, cells, coverings, contraction, protection |
Tissues are materials made up of groups of similar ___ cells __. There are four main types of tissue in the human body. Epithelial one forms __ coverings _____ like the skin, lining membranes and glands. Connective tissue helps to _ support __ and bind parts together, holding them in place. There are several types of connective tissue including bone, cartilage, ligaments, fatty and elastic tissue, also blood and _ lymph ___ (the fluid tissues). Muscular tissue has the power of _ contraction ___, which causes movement. __ nervous __ one conducts nerve impulses. Tissues are jointed into larger units called organs, such as the heart, lungs, brain, liver. A system is a group of organs, which together carry out one of the essential functions of the body. There are nine systems in the human organism. All of these systems work harmoniously together in a _ healthy _ body.
1. ___ What does tissue consist of _______________________________________________?
2. ____ What are the types of the connective tissue __________________________________?
3. ___ What nervous tissue is responsible for ______________________________________________?
Text 2
| protects, nutrients, unit, cells, reproduction, nucleus, membrane, controls, waste products |
All living things, including the human body, are made up of living _ cells ___. The cell is the structural and the functional _ unit __ with which the human body is built. Just as many kinds of materials may be used in the construction of a large building, in the same way many different kinds of cells are found in the body. A cell has the following parts: cell _ membrane __ outer covering; protoplasm, the main substance of the cell; a nucleus, which _ controls ____ activities of the cell. Cells perform the following functions: digestion– intake of the _ nutrients ____; excretion– eliminating of _ waste products ___; respiration– taking and using oxygen, and giving out carbon dioxide; growth and repair; _ reproduction _______ – simply dividing one cell into two. Besides, some cells move about and some have special functions.
1. _______ What is the cell _______________________________________?
2. ____ What reproduction is ___________________________________________________?
3. ___ What nucleus is responsible for _____________________________________________________?
Text 3
| oesophagus, cardiovascular, skeleton, separated, reproductive, cavities, cranial, stomach, protected |
The body has a strong framework of bones called the _ skeleton ___. The skeleton is covered by muscles and other soft tissues, and by skin on the outside. Some body parts form spaces called _ cavities _____, in which important internal organs are protected. The _ cranial ____cavity or skull contains the brain. The thoracic cavity or chest contains the lungs, the air passages – trachea and bronchial tubes, the _ oesophagus ____, which lies behind the trachea, the heart, the great blood vessels, and the thoracic duct. The abdominal cavity, which is _ separated _____ from the thoracic cavity by a dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm, contains the _ stomach ______, the intestines, the liver, the spleen and other organs. The pelvic cavity contains the _ reproductive ____ organs, the bladder when empty (when full it rises into the abdominal cavity), and the rectum.
1. __ What does the cranial cavity store ____________________________________________________?
2. __ _Where does the liver situated _______________________________________________________?
3. _____ What structure separates thoracic and abdominal cavities ___________________________?
Text 4
| deficiencies, avitaminosis, water, organism, small, source, carbohydrates, received, contracted |
Nutrients are the nutritious components in foods that an _ organism ___ uses to survive and grow. They can be ___ received ____ from the environment. They are used to build and repair tissues, regulate body processes, and are converted to and used for energy. Organic nutrients include __ carbohydrates __, fats, proteins (or their building blocks, amino acids), and vitamins. Inorganic chemical compounds such as dietary minerals, _ water _____, and oxygen may also be considered nutrients. A nutrient is called "essential" if it must be obtained from an external _ source _______, either because the organism cannot synthesize it or produces insufficient quantities. Nutrients needed in very _ small ______ amounts are micronutrients and those that are needed in larger quantities are called macronutrients. The effects of nutrients are dose-dependent and shortages are called _ deficiencies ________.
1. ______ Where can we receive nutrients _________________________________________________?
2. _____ What quantity of nutrients do we need ___________________________________________?
3. ________ What kind of inorganic nutrients must we consume ______________________________?
Text 5
| contract, connective, organelles, cells, function, tissues, contact, surfaces, protect |
__ cells _____ are the smallest units of life. In complex organisms, cells group together with one another to form __ tissues ____. Tissues provide the numerous functions of organs. The study of tissues is called histology. The human body is composed of four basic types of tissues: epithelial, _ connective _____, muscular, and nervous tissues. These tissues vary in their composition and their _ function _____. Epithelium forms the coverings of _ surfaces ____ of the body. Connective tissue is the most widely distributed tissue type in the human body. Its role is to _ protect _____, support, and bind together parts of the body. Muscular tissue is a tissue characterized by the ability to __ contract _____ upon stimulation. It is extremely elastic and can produce movement. Nervous tissue receives stimuli and conducts impulses. It is the main component of the nervous system and the brain.
1. _____ How many types of tissue human body includes _____________________________________?
2. ______ What is the function of the connective tissue ____________________________?
3. ______ What is the main components on nervous system and ________________________________?
Text 6
| capillaries, bone marrow, lymph, ducts, tissue, proteins, central nervous system, blood, brain |
The lymphatic system consists of organs, ___ ducts _____, and nodes. The lymph vessels form a network in the body as the blood network. It transports a watery clear fluid called _ lymph _____. This fluid distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body. Lymph organs are found in every part of the body except the__ brain ________. The major parts of the system are the _ bone marrow _____, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and the tonsils. The other organs of the body, including the heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain lymphatic _ tissue ____. The ducts of the lymphatic system provide transportation for _ proteins ______, fats, and other substances in lymph. The lymph is drained from the tissue in microscopic blind-ended vessels called lymph__ capillaries ______.
1. __ What are the main structures of the lymphatic system ___________________________________?
2. ___ What organ doesn’t include any lymphatic tissue __________________________________?
3. __ For what does lymphatic system provide transportation ____________________________?
Text 7
| contains, donor, emergency, diseases, surface, supports, platelets, transfusion, recipient |
Blood __ transfusion ______is a very common hospital procedure nowadays. But this is more than just taking blood from one person and using it to help another. Although all blood __ contains ___ the same basic components (red cells, white cells, _ platelets ____, and plasma), not everyone has the same types ofantigenson the _ surface ______ of their red blood cells. So, the four main blood groups are: blood group A, blood group B, blood group AB, and blood group O. Blood cell markers are microscopic. Each unit of blood goes through a dozen tests to check for infectious ___ diseases ___ and establish the blood type. Only after these tests the blood transfusion can be given to the _ recipient _____. Sometimes, a transfusion is an __ emergency ____(like losing blood after an accident). Sometimes it's expected (as with treatment for cancer).
1. _________ What do we call emergency transfusion _________________________________?
2. ___ How many blood types can blood be divided on ___________________________________?
3. __ When transfusion is not emergency but expected __________________________________?
Text 8
| involuntary, heart, striated, nervous, skeletal, contain, nuclei, stomach, thigh |
There are three basic types of muscles in the body (smooth, cardiac, and _ skeletal _____). Smooth muscle or "_ involuntary _____ muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, _ stomach ______, intestines, blood vessels, etc. Smooth muscle cells contain only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle is also an "involuntary muscle" but it is striated in structure. Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle cells _ contain ____ only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle is found only within the _ heart ___. Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is fixed by tendons to the bone and is used to produce skeletal movement such as locomotion. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated with the __ nuclei ____ peripherally located. Skeletal muscle is called '__ striated ___' because of the stripes seen under light microscopy.
1. ____ How many types of muscle tissue is in the body ______________________________________?
2. ___ Why do we call skeletal muscle “striated” _______________________________________?
3. ___ Where cardiac muscle can only be found ____________________________________?
Text 9
| forearm, movement, heart, force, protected, tissue, nervous system, germ, controlled |
The muscular system is the biological system of humans that produces _ movement __. The muscular system is controlled through the _ nervous system ____, but some muscles, like cardiac muscle, can be completely autonomous. Muscle is contractile __ tissue ___ and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic _ germ ___ cells. Its function is to produce _ force ____ and cause motion, either locomotion or movement within internal organs. Much of muscle contraction occurs without conscious thought and is necessary for survival, like the contraction of the ___ heart _____or peristalsis. Voluntary muscle contraction is used to move the body and can be __ controlled ____, such as movements of fingers or movements of biceps and triceps.
1. __ What layer of the embryonic germ does muscle tissue derived from _____________________?
2. ___ Why do we can contract some of our muscles without a thought ________________________?
3. ___ Movements of which muscles can be controlled ______________________________________?
Text 10
| mandible, skull, cerebral, muscles, protect, vertebra, brain, cranial, supported, move |
The bones of the head and neck play the vital role of supporting the_ brain ____, sensory organs, nerves, and blood vessels of the head and _ protect ____ these structures from mechanical injuries. Movements of these bones by the attached _ muscles ____ of the head provide for facial expressions, eating, speech, and head movement. The skull consists of 22 __ cranial ___ and facial bones, which, with the exception of the _ mandible ___, are tightly fused together. The skull encases and protects the brain as well as the special sense organs of vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell. The skull is _ supported ___ by the highest vertebra, called the atlas. The atlas turns on the _ vertebra _____ below it, the axis, which allows the skull to turn from side to side.
1. ___ What do facial muscles provide ______________________________________________?
2. ___ Which bone does not tightly fused with others cranial bones __________________________?
3. _ How many bones does the skull consist of ____________________________?
Text 11
| hormones, haemostasis, men, waste products, clot, age, clump, blood loss, nutrients |
The amount of blood in a human body varies depending on factors such as _ age ____, sex, overall health and even where a person lives. For example, __ men ___ tend to have more blood than women of comparable size and weight. Blood carries out many critical functions in the body. It transports _ nutrients ___ and oxygen to the body’s cells and moves _ hormones ___ and chemicals around the body. It also takes away _ waste products __ from those cells. Blood also plays a special role in regulating body temperature. As part of the immune system, blood also helps fight diseases. If you get an injury, the platelets in blood begin to _ clot ___ helping to stop bleeding. This self-repair function prevents from further _ blood loss ____, which can become fatal in cases of massive bleeding.
1. _ What are the main factors which influence on the amount of blood ______________________?
2. _ What substances does the blood transport through the body ____________________________?
3. __ Does the blood play any role at immune protection _____________________?
Text 12
| brain, length, tissue, stretch, smooth, skeletal, voluntary, involuntary, tendons |
Most __ skeletal __ muscles are attached to two bones through tendons. Tendons are tough bands of connective _ tissue ___ whose strong collagen fibers firmly attach muscles to bones. Larger tendons contain a thin internal septum, a few blood vessels, and specialized stereognostic nerves. __ tendons __ are under extreme stress when muscles pull on them, so they are very strong and are woven (вплетены) into the coverings of both muscles and bones. Muscles move by shortening their _ length ___, pulling on tendons, and moving bones closer to each other. They have the ability to _ stretch _____or contract and still return to the original shape. Skeletal muscles are sometimes called _ voluntary __, because we have direct control over them through nervous impulses from our _ brain ______.
1. __ How do skeletal muscles attached to the bone ____________________________________?
2. _ What do large tendons consist of _____________________________?
3. _ What is the centre of the impulses sent to our muscles ______________________________?
VII. Read the text with the help of the dictionary and translate it into Russian.
The Cell
Life is both wonderful and majestic. Yet for all of its majesty, all organisms are composed of the fundamental unit of life, the cell. The cell is the simplest unit of matter that is alive. From the unicellular bacteria to multicellular animals, the cell is one of the basic organizational principles of biology. Let's look at some of the components of this basic organizer of living organisms.
There are two primary types of cells: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are called so because they have a true nucleus. The nucleus, which houses DNA, is contained within a membrane and separated from other cellular structures. Prokaryotic cells, however, have no true nucleus. DNA in a prokaryotic cell is not separated from the rest of the cell but coiled up in a region called the nucleoid.
Eukaryotes grow and reproduce through a process called mitosis. In organisms that also reproduce sexually, the reproductive cells are produced by a type of cell division called meiosis. Most prokaryotes reproduce through a process called binary fission. During binary fission, the single DNA molecule replicates and the original cell is divided into two identical daughter cells.
Дата добавления: 2015-10-23; просмотров: 215 | Нарушение авторских прав
| <== предыдущая страница | | | следующая страница ==> |
| г) промышленные общества. | | | Составители: доц. Стоянова Т.В., доц. Тупицкая Н.А., доц. Кузьмин Ю.И. |