Describing trends

Degree of change

Adjectives	Adverbs
sharp steep dramatical substantial considerable significant   slight marginal	sharp steeply dramatically substantially considerably significantly   slightly marginally

Speed of change

Adjectives	Adverbs
rapid quick swift   gradual steady   slow	rapidly quickly swiftly   gradually steadily   slowly

Explaining causes

This is a result of.. (e.g. This is a result of bad management. )

This is because of... (e.g. This is because of bad management. )

This is largely due to... (e.g. This is largely due to bad management.)

... contributed to this. (e.g. Bad managementcontributed to this.)

Describing results

As a result, we will have... (e.g. As a result, we will have a drop in sales.)

It could lead to... (e.g. It could lead to a drop in sales.)

It may result in... (e.g. It may result in a drop in sales.)

... will be a direct result. (e.g. A drop in sales will be a direct result.)

rise by (2%//1000 units) підвищуватися/зростати на (2%//1000 одиниць)

rise to (2%//1000 units) підвищуватися/зростати до (2%//1000 одиниць)

Examples:

There was a gradual decline in sales. (noun usage)

Sales declined gradually. (verb usage)

Enrollment increased by 4% in 1997.

There was a 4% increase in enrollment in 1997.

Immigration rose to 800,000 in 1999. (to a point/number)
Immigration rose by 20,000 in 1999. (by increment)
There was a 20% rise in immigration. (percentage)

Taxes remained the same from 2000 to 2001.
Taxes continued at 15% for two years.

Sales stood at $ 1,400,000 in 1998.
Profits were $27,000 in 1999.
There was a loss of $21,000 in 2001.

Ex 1. Opposites

Match the opposites.

1. rise a. fall short of

2. boom b. slump

3. increase c. rapid

4. peak d. reduce

5. slight e. sudden

6. exceed f. dramatic

7. gradual g. decline

8. growth h. fall

9. slow i. trough

10. expand j. decrease

2. Vocabulary

Look at the following graph and put one of the numbers next to the given words:

() trough () erratic movements () a gradual rise () to level off () a dramatic fall () fluctuations () to reach a peak () a sharp recovery

() a gradual fall () a plateau () to take a plunge () a steady increase () to leap upwards () a decline () to slump

Describing trends

Choose the correct description (1-8) for each graph (a-h)

1. There has been a steady increase in costs over several years.

2. At the end of the first year sales stood at 50 percent of the present level.

3. The share price reached a peak before falling a little and then maintained the same level.

4. Sales of product A fell slightly in the final quarter.

5. The sudden collapse in share prices has surprised everyone.

6. The level of investment rose suddenly.

7. Research and development budget has stabilized over the past few years.

8. The value of the shares has shown a steady decline.

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