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GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF THE GERUND
| CORRELATION | VOICE | |
| ACTIVE | PASSIVE | |
| NON-PERFECT (INDEFINITE/ COMMON) | I remember taking my sister to the theatre for the first time. | I remember being taken to the theatre by my parents for the first time. |
| PERFECT | Ted entered without having knocked at the door. | The door opened without having been knocked on. |
Note: In Modern English the perfect passive gerund is used very seldom
Translation of gerund into Russian
· By an infinitive,
e.g. Before going to bed, Jack checked all the locks in the house.
Перед тем как пойти спать, Джек проверил все замки в доме.
· By using a special form of the verb - деепричастие
e.g. Fred left the room without looking at anyone
Фред вышел из комнаты, ни на кого не глядя.
· By a subordinate clause
e.g. I don’t remember meeting this person before.
Я не помню, чтобы я встречала этого человека раньше.
GERUNDIAL PHRASES
Gerundial phrases or constructions consist of
some nominal element + gerund + some other words depending on it
The nominal element can be expresses by:
1. A noun in the common case, e.g. I remember the weather being extremely fine that summer. I remember Peter telling me this joke.
2. A noun in the possessive case, e.g. Dana enjoyed John’s playing the piano.
3. A possessive pronoun, e.g. We all appreciate your helping us.
4. A pronoun in the objective case, e.g. Imagine him talking to her like that!
TASK 2. Define if the statements given below are true or false.
1. Like the infinitive the gerund can serve as an adverbial modifier.
2. In the sentence ‘Travelling is always exciting for a child.’ the gerund demonstrates its verbal features as it is the subject of the sentence.
3. In the sentence ‘Jim’s girl-friend stopped answering his letters and he was very much upset.’ the gerund is non-perfect indefinite passive.
4. Gerund can be modified by an adverb.
5. Gerund has the category of mood.
6. Gerund can be used as the subject of the sentence.
7. In the sentence ‘Excuse me for having given you so much trouble.’ the gerund is perfect continuous active.
8. Gerund can be preceded and followed by a preposition.
9. Gerundial phrases include a noun or a pronoun, a gerund and some other elements depending on it.
10. In the sentence ‘Do you remember this fact having been mentioned?’ the gerund is perfect passive.
TASK 3. Define the form of the gerund.
1. Your idea is worth considering.
2. Do you remember having mentioned the fact to anyone?
3. After having been signed by the executive director, the documents were sent to the suppliers.
4. The old man never mentioned having spoken to the headmaster about the boy’s behaviour.
5. Before drinking this water requires filtering.
6. After having been thoroughly examined by the doctor, the old lady was taken to hospital.
7. Steve managed to sneak to his bedroom without being seen.
8. Dick never forgave his wife for having deceived him with his best friend.
9. Nobody likes being laughed at.
10. Thank you so much for putting up with all my idiosyncrasies.
GERUND AS THE SUBJECT
1. As a rule in this function the gerund stands in the front position,
e.g. Talking mends no holes.
John’s coming tomorrow will make all the difference.
2. In the sentences introduced by the “dummy” subjects “it” and “there ”, the gerund performs the role of the real subject,
e.g. It is no good pretending that you don’t hear me.
It will make no differences your being quiet.
There is no use crying over the spilt milk.
Remember the most useful phrases with the “dummy” subjects “it” and “there”,
There is no/some point in + gerund It is no use + gerund
There is no/some sense in + gerund It is no good + gerund
There is no use + gerund It is useless + gerund
It will make all the difference+ nominal element + gerund
It will make no difference + nominal element + gerund
TASK 4. Translate into English using gerund as the subject of the sentence.
1. Изучение иностранного языка не может быть легким делом. Бесполезно обращаться к таким «методистам», которые обещают научить вас разговаривать на английском языке во сне или с помощью 25 кадра. Изучение иностранного языка это огромный труд, который может стать приятным или ненавистным, в зависимости от того, как вы к нему относитесь.
2. Прием одной капсулы этого лекарства по утрам поможет вам сохранить бодрость и хорошее настроение на целый день. Курение во время данного лечения категорически запрещается.
3. Мой брат всегда считал, что катание на лошади по утрам - самое лучшее средство сохранить хорошее здоровье на всю жизнь.
4. Не имеет смысла делать что-то вполсилы. Если вы решили сделать что-то хорошее, делайте это от всего сердца.
5. Спорить с нашим начальником – только понапрасну терять время и силы. Он никогда никого не слушает, все решает сам, а потом удивляется, почему его подчиненные не проявляют никакой инициативы.
6. Слушать рассказы нашего дедушки одновременно интересно и поучительно. Он побывал во многих странах, встречался со многими интересными людьми. Кажется, нет такой сложной ситуации, из которой он не нашел бы выхода. У него многому можно научиться.
7. Переходить реку по льду в начале апреля настоящее безумие. Бесполезно меня уговаривать, я вас на тот берег не поведу. Я еще ценю мою жизнь. Я и вам не советую этого делать.
8. Мне не нравится то, как учат технике чтения в школе. Детей заставляют читать как можно быстрее, не обращая внимания, понимают ли дети, что они читают. Чтение без понимания прочитанного это абсурд.
9. Наблюдение за поведением птиц может быть очень интересным занятием. Знаете ли вы, что в 40-50х годах это было одним из самых распространенных увлечений среди англичан.
10. Вы думаете, имеет смысл попросить нашего преподавателя разрешить мне написать этот тест еще раз? – Сейчас нет, потому что ты напишешь его так же плохо, как и в прошлый раз. Но если ты хорошо к нему подготовишься, то тогда я думаю, имеет смысл с ним поговорить.
GERUND AS THE PREDICATE
The use of the gerund in this function is restricted to only two patterns:
1. interrogative sentences beginning with “What about…?” and “How about…?”
e.g. What about joining us for a cup of coffee?
How about playing a game of tennis?
2. exclamatory sentences expressing indignation,
e.g. Speaking to me in this tone!
Letting him go away with that!
GERUND AS THE PREDICATIVE
As a rule gerund in the function of the predicative happens after the link verbs and prepositions
to be to look + like to mean to be like
e.g. Her role is showing people in and out.
I didn’t like the idea. It meant losing my job
Reading his letter looked to her like feeling his presence.
To be among these people was like breathing fresh air in a desert.
Note:
1. Don’t confuse to mean + infinitive in the function of an object, e.g. Sorry, I didn’t mean to offend you.
2. Gerund is not very often used in this function.
TASK 5. Change the sentences below so that to use the gerund or the infinitive either in the function of the subject or the predicative. Write a story about Sheila’s job and read it in class. Follow the example.
Example. Sheila works 10 hours a day in a hospital. It isn’t much fun. - Sheila works in a hospital. Everybody understands that working in a hospital 10 hours a day is not fun.
· She is a nurse in a large city hospital. This is a very good experience.
· She helps doctors in the operating theatre. It's interesting.
· She takes care of old people. It takes a lot of patience.
· She tries to cheer up sick people. It's very important.
· She looks after contagious patients. It's dangerous.
· She works long hours without a break. It's very tiring.
· She does all these things. It is worth-while.
TASK 6. Translate into English using gerund as the predicate and as the predicative.
1. Как насчет того, чтобы поехать в субботу за город? – Что? Предлагать мне это перед самым экзаменом? Ты просто надо мной издеваешься!
2. Самое сильное увлечение моего отца – виндсерфинг. В прошлом году он был во Франции. И знаете, что он привез? Нет, не духи! Суперсовременный серф, который весит всего 10 килограмм.
3. Что ты думаешь по поводу того, чтобы рассказать все, что нам известно полиции? – Вмешивать в это дело полицию неразумно. Мне не нравится эта идея. Это значит, рассказать о наших подозрения, не имея никаких улик. Нас просто поднимут на смех!
4. Не нужно пытаться решать за меня мои вопросы. Ваша обязанность - отвечать на телефонные звонки и печатать письма. Не стоит совать ваш хорошенький носик в то, что вас совершенно не касается.
5. Как насчет перерыва на обед? Мы уже работает 10 часов без остановки. Мой желудок, наверняка, скоро начнет играть военные марши. – Что? Предлагать мне прервать работу, только потому, что ты ужасный обжора? Никогда! Если хочешь есть, иди сам, а я буду работать, пока не закончу.
GERUND AS PART OF THE COMPOUND VERBAL ASPECT PREDICATE
In this function the gerund always follows the notional verb that denotes:
1. the beginning of the action,
to start to begin to commence to burst out
e.g. Please, don’t start arguing again.
Seeing his mother’s face the child burst out crying.
2. the duration or continuation of the action,
to go on to continue to keep to carry on to keep on/up
e.g. The manager’s face kept on smiling but his eyes got cold as ice.
used to + infinitive + gerund would + infinitive + gerund
e.g. In winter they used to go skiing every day.
On her bad days she would sit doing nothing but looking at the wall opposite her.
3. the end of the action,
To finish to give up to cease to end up to stop to leave off
e.g. You will lose weight if you give up eating so many sweet things.
Note: The verbs to start, to begin, to stop, to continue, to go on can also be followed by the infinitive.
Remember the difference between
4. ‘stop + gerund’ and ‘ stop + infinitive’
5. ‘go on + gerund’ and ‘ go on + infinitive ’ (See ‘The Infinitive’)
GERUND AS PART OF THE COMPOUND VERBAL PREDICATE
In this function the gerund always follows the notional verb that denotes motion or position. The number of notional verbs of this kind is restricted. Some of them are:
To come to go to go out to go about to go around
To lie to sit to stand
e.g. Next morning I didn’t hurry to get up but lay listening to the rain outside.
Don’t sit around doing nothing.
TASK 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive or gerund form.
1. Old Mrs. Bennet went on _________ (to chat) for another two hours without ___________ (to notice) my discomfort.
2. The little boy told me his name and went on _________ (to show) us his toys.
3. I am really sorry, I didn't mean _________ (to interrupt) you. Please, go on ___________ (to speak).
4. Being an actor means _________ (to learn) long texts by heart.
5. I have stopped _________ (to read) romances because they all seem to me the same.
6. Don’t forget to stop _________(to buy) bread on your way home.
7. No matter how hard she tries, she can’t give up ___________ (to eat chocolate) though she is allergic to it.
8. Don’t stand _________ (to look) at me and ___________ (to criticize). Get down to business.
9. At weekends my dad and I used ___________ (to go) ____________ (to fish) at the lake not far from our holiday home.
10. When Tom saw Becky burst out ____________ (to laugh) he got embarrassed and rushed out.
TASK 8. Translate into English using gerund or infinitive.
GERUND AS THE ATTRIBUTE
When used as an attribute, the gerund usually modifies nouns, mainly abstract nouns. It is always preceded by a preposition in the vast majority of cases ‘of”, e.g. the art of teaching, the habit of speaking, a certain way of speaking, etc.
e.g. There was still a chance of catching the train.
The idea of him being in Paris was not a pleasant one.
Linda had an impression of being swept off her feet.
There also may be other prepositions,
e.g. The young poet showed his skill in writing sonnets.
Imagine her surprise at seeing Peter.
The barometer is an instrument for measuring the pressure of the air.
TASK 9. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive or gerund form using them in the function of an attribute.
1. It was very kind of you to have taken the trouble of ____________ (to bring) me this book. I have always wanted to read it.
2. John’s idea ___________ (to start) __________ (to look) for our family roots looked very appealing.
3. There was very little hope of _________ (to see) my stolen car again.
4. Stuart was so excited that he had to make an effort ___________ (to control) his voice.
5. Georgina was a most startling woman __________ (to look) at.
6. You should have seen my mother’s surprise at ____________ (to see) me at the doorstep.
7. My grandmother is not an easy person ___________ (to give) presents to. You never know if she likes them or not.
8. It’s wonderful that we have an older man with plenty of experience __________ (to turn) to for advice and help.
9. At the dinner party Mr. Stonebridge had a pleasure of ____________ (to meet) the new young neighbour who he found very interesting.
10. Unfortunately the young doctor had no experience of ___________ (to perform) such difficult operations and they had to send for the local surgeon.
11. It was father’s habit of ___________ (to settle) down at a table to lay out at once his cigarette case and lighter.
TASK 10. Translate into English using gerund or infinitive.
1. Я настоятельно рекомендую вам получить водительские права. Опыт вождения машины пригодится вам в поисках престижной работы.
2. Синтия не тот человек, которому легко помочь или дать совет. Представьте себе мое удивление, когда я увидела, что она готова последовать моему совету.
3. Не тратьте время, у вас есть многое, чем можно заняться. Кроме того, мне нужно кое-что обсудить с вами, прежде чем вы начнете разрабатывать план проведения ежегодной научной конференции.
4. Для подростков идея получить так много денег и таким легким путем была совершенно новой и поэтому захватывающей. Они не осознавали, что мысль получить деньги преступным путем, была вложена в их головы хитрым и жестоким человеком.
5. Самый эффективный метод запоминания английских неправильных глаголов – выписать их на карточки и повторять их регулярно несколько раз в неделю.
6. Вы, несомненно, должны использовать этот шанс побывать в Англии, даже если вам придется для этого сдать все экзамены досрочно.
7. Вы видите какой-нибудь способ уменьшить риск данной ситуации? Мы, конечно же, приняли меры против похищения ребенка, но эта опасность еще существует.
8. Какой смысл их ждать? Они уже опоздали на полчаса. Если мы будем их каждый раз ждать, мы, в конце концов, выработаем у них привычку всегда опаздывать.
9. У вас есть право молчать и не отвечать на вопросы полиции, пока не приедет ваш адвокат, но я вам не советую пользоваться этим правом, если вы хотите оказать нам помощь в поисках преступника. Ваше право хранить молчание может оказать нам плохую услугу.
10. Стела видела, что от нее ждут ответа, но не сделала ни малейшего усилия порыться в своей памяти. Она даже перестала притворяться, что всякое умственное усилие было для нее невозможно.
11. У вас была возможность улучшить рабочую обстановку в вашем коллективе. Почему вы не воспользовались ею?
12. Будьте осторожны, когда будете задавать мистеру Блумфилду вопросы. Не касайтесь его научной работы. Если он садится на своего конька, нет никакого способа его остановить.
13. Матильда непредсказуемая женщина. Никогда невозможно предугадать, что она сделает или скажет в следующую минуту. Но зато с ней всегда интересно.
GERUND AS THE ADVERIBIAL MODIFIER
| № | Adverbial Modifier | Questions | Conjunctions/ prepositions/ particles | Examples |
| Of time | When? | Prepositions: on after in before since Conjunctions: while when on the verge once | One day, on returning to his hotel, he found a note waiting for him. At first he couldn’t understand. Only after thinking it over, he hit upon the explanation. I had had a lot of thoughts before leaving the job. When reading Stuart always uses glasses. While walking in the garden they found someone’s lost book. On the verge of leaving Sam heard a telephone call. | |
| Of reason/cause | Why? For what reason? | Prepositions: because of through for from for fear of on account of owing to | We lost ourselves through not knowing the way. (literary style) I couldn’t sleep for worrying about my future. Mary walked carefully for fear of breaking the precious vase. The accident happened owing to bad driving. | |
| Of attendant circumstances (may have additional meaning of manner) | No identifying questions | Prepositions: without in by | The door opened without having been knocked on. They danced without speaking. The days were spent in packing. She frightened her father by bursting into tears. | |
| Of manner | How? In what manner? | Prepositions: without by | You will achieve a lot by telling the truth. Paula left the room without looking at Steve. John began learning the new language by watching TV. | |
| Of comparison | No identifying questions | Conjunctions: than | For me swimming is better than lying in the sun. | |
| Of concession | No identifying questions | Prepositions: in spite of despite Conjunction: though | I don’t ask any questions in spite of therebeing a lot of questions to ask. Though knowing much more that his friends, Joseph never showed any arrogance. | |
| Of condition | In what case? On what condition? | Prepositions: without but for in case of | You will never learn to speak English without speaking a lot. But for meeting John I would have never known real London. In case of being kept at the customs, phone us immediately. | |
| Of purpose (rare use) | What for? For what purpose? | Preposition: for | They took her to the police station for questioning. | |
| Of exception | Except what? | Prepositions: except (for) but for apart from aside from besides | Your English is decent apart from spelling. The boy enjoys everything except doing his homework. |
TASK 11. Sort out the sentences given below according to different types of adverbial modifies expressed by the gerund. The first one is done for you.
| Adverbial Modifier | Number of Sentences | |
| Time | ||
| Reason | ||
| Manner/attendant circumstances | 1, | |
| Concession | ||
| Purpose | ||
| Condition | ||
| Exception | ||
| Comparison |
1. Without looking up I apologized to the man I bumped into and went on my way.
2. In sending me to university my parents made a sacrifice; they couldn’t really afford it.
3. A week later I returned from school and found the house empty, my mother being at the shops.
4. It must be great to get anything you want just by asking!
5. The servants left without Peter having seen them go.
6. On returning home from school the boy noticed a small jade statuette on the living-room shelf.
7. The cigarette burned down to Den’s fingers and he threw it over the banister without putting it out.
8. We strolled back to the camp, it being then about twenty minutes to six.
9. Barbara took her temperature and, upon finding it was a hundred point four, went back to bed again.
10. The little boy showed his boredom by refusing to find any interest in the game.
11. That being understood, the conference was over.
12. It was quiet in the woods except for our breaking twigs.
13. We talked in whispers for fear for disturbing the child.
14. When laughing she half closed her eyes and a dimple danced on her cheek.
15. I was to walk over to my grandmother's before going on home.
16. Though rapidly balding Mr. Stout took more care of his hair than usual.
17. I though that working on the farm was much better for me than staying in the hot city all summer.
18. Except for his breathing I wouldn’t have known that he was there.
19. We use thermometer for measuring temperature.
TASK 12. Fill in the correct prepositions or conjunctions for the gerunds used as adverbial modifiers. There may be more than one option.
20. _______ checking into his room, Derek left the motel and arrived at the airport in time to go on duty.
21. Louise had many little things to do ______ sitting idly in her house _______waiting to be taken out by her new boy-friend.
22. Thomas hardly looked at her _______ talking.
23. Fred had scarcely ever drunk tea at all ________ knowing Gwen.
24. Clare looked at Jim steadily ________ answering.
25. _______ knowing what was there, he took the paper out and walked to the window.
26. I never thought they would have left ________ saying good-bye to me.
27. You can't escape your fate ________ running away.
28. The boy hoped to get his things from his bedroom _________ his parents seeing him.
29. Bob turned the car round ________ stopping and came straight back to the house.
30. Mr. Fulton made the journey to town and back twice a day and usually passed the time _________ falling into a light nap.
31. He poured milk into a jar from a carton in the refrigerator then drank some of it himself _________ putting the carton back.
32. ________ arriving in the apartment, I found out they were planning a little party for me.
33. They walked to the house _________ speaking to each other.
34. I thought that the telegram would be better ________ trying to explain the situation over the phone.
TASK 13. Translate into English using either infinitive or gerund with the right preposition or conjunction.
Несколько минут ребята стояли, не говоря ни слова, затем заговорили все сразу. Они решили, что лучше сразу пойти и во всем признаться, чем ждать, когда за ними придут из полиции.
2. Мистер Райзман прочистил горло, словно хотел что-то сказать, но затем махнул рукой и устроился поудобнее в кресле с таким видом, будто все уже сказал.
3. Открыв конверт, Розалинда не сразу начала читать письмо, а сначала посмотрела на дату, словно для того, чтобы убедиться, что его принесли сразу же после того, как оно было отослано.
4. Прежде, чем писать книгу на новую для него тему, Артур Хейли сначала устраивался на работу туда, о чем он собирался писать. Так, он работал в аэропорту, а потом в гостинице, чтобы собрать материалы и узнать все подробности о работе своих будущих героев.
5. Я не буду утомлять вас перечислением всех этих мелких деталей. – Напрасно. Один из героев великого Жюль Верна говорил, «Жизнь цепь, а мелочи в ней звенья. Нельзя звену не придавать значенья».
6. К нашему удивлению Лиз смогла заработать себе на жизнь, работая на швейной фабрике. Конечно, она была очень бедна и едва сводила концы с концами, но она была слишком горда, чтобы придти к родителям, которые выгнали ее из дома и попросить о помощи.
7. Несмотря на то, что у нее было много вопросов, Джуди смогла сдержать свое любопытство и решила выяснить все сама у мистера и миссис Симпсон.
8. Фиона смотрела на меня, как будто видела впервые. Я не мог понять, что ее так удивило в моем рассказе.
9. Хотя мисс Марпл знала об этом деле гораздо больше, чем говорила, инспектор все равно боялся, что она расскажет что-нибудь своей подруге миссис Траут.
10. Несмотря на то, что он старел, и зрение его становилась все хуже, память не подводила старого мистера Дойла, и он с удовольствием вспоминал свои встречи такими политическими лидерами страны, как Черчилль.
11. Приехав в Лондон, Бальмонты сразу же отправились в гостиницу, которая была заказана заранее. Они не могли не удивиться, когда им сказали, что их номера заняты другой семьей. Конечно же, администратор гостиницы сразу же предложил им другой номер, извинившись за причиненные неудобства.
GERUND AS THE OBJECT
1. In the function of the direct object the gerund can follow a number of verbs. Some of them can combine only with the gerund others both with the gerund and the infinitive. The verbs given below are followed only by the gerund
To admit
To appreciate
To avoid
To be busy
To delay
To deny
To detest
To enjoy
To escape
To excuse
To fail
To fancy
To feel like
To imagine
To keep
To mention
To mind
To miss
To postpone
To practise
To put off
To recollect
To resent
To resist
To risk
To suggest
To understand
To be worth
сan’t help
сan’t stand
e.g. Beth avoided speaking in public as she was not sure of herself.
The boy admitted stealing the money from the cloak room.
Do you mind Alice’s joining us for the trip?
Is it worth buying this expensive printer?
2. The following verbs can be followed either by gerund or by the infinitive
To like
To dislike
To intend
To plan
To prefer
To forget
To remember
To regret
To try
To manage
To mean
To be sorry for
To be afraid
To consider
can’t bear
can’t afford
Would like
e.g. Mary couldn’t afford to go out/going out very often as she was saving to buy a new car.
For difference in meaning between some of these verbs followed either by the infinitive or by gerund, see the unit ‘Infinitive’.
3. The verbs that are given below change their meaning when they are followed either by gerund or by the infinitive.
to afford
gerund infinitive
(in general) (in a particular situation)
In fact Isabella could afford buying This month Tim could afford to
expensive things. buy more books than usual.
to prefer
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