D. 1978 Economic ‘Reform’ of Deng Xiao Peng

CHINA: FOUR REVOLUTIONS

A. The baseline: late imperial China
1644-1911: The Qing Dynasty. Rulers were Manchus:

• 1840-42: The Opium War. British force China to "open" on unequal terms.
• 1850-64: Taiping Rebellion. Christian-inspired uprising against the Qing
• 1862: Expansion of the treaty port system
• 1895: Japan defeats China, takes Taiwan
• 1898: Emperor's reforms fail, conservatives take over
• 1900: Boxer rebellion against foreign influence brings retribution
• 1905: Examination system "suspended"
• 1911: Republican Revolution (Xinhai Revolution)

B. 1911-1949 The Republic of China

• 1912-1916: Presidency of Yuan Shikai
• 1916-27: Warlord Era
• 1919: The May Fourth demonstration
• 1921: Communist Party founded
• 1927: Guomindang unifies part of China; capital at Nanjing
• 1927: Communists defeated, retreat to the countryside
• 1931: Japanese take Manchuria
• 1935-36: The Long March
• 1937: Japanese invade North China
• 1945: US atom bombs bring Japanese surrender
• 1945-49 Guomindang-Communist Civil War

C. The period of high socialism

• 1949: People's Republic founded
• 1947-52: Land reform
• 1954-56: Agriculture collectivized
• 1956: Industry socialized
• 1957: Anti-Rightist campaign
• 1958: Great Leap Forward and People's Communes
• 1959-61: Famine
• 1962: Retreat from communal to collective production
• 1966-69: Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
• 1966-76: The "Cultural Revolution Decade"
• 1976: Mao Zedong dies

D. 1978 Economic ‘Reform’ of Deng Xiao Peng

1895– Kuomintang flag. The "Blue Sky with a White Sun", 12 rays of the sun represent progressive ideals.

1912–28 First flag of the Republic of China, or "Five Races Under One Union" Used mainly in Shanghai and eastern parts of northern China until 1928. This flag was widely flown, even before the founding of the Republic of China, on the eastern coast and garnered the greatest respect at the founding of the ROC. Stripes represent the five great races in China's history, according to Dr. Sun Yat-sen: red for Han Chinese, yellow to represent Manchus, blue as Mongols, white for both Huis and Uyghurs, and black for Tibetans.

1949– Flag of the People's Republic of China A red field, with a large yellow star at the canton, with four smaller stars to the right. This flag is flown in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau.

According to the current government interpretation of the flag, the red background symbolizes the revolution and the golden colors were used to "radiate" on the red background. The five stars and their relationship represent the unity of the Chinese under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The orientation of the stars shows that the unity should go around a center.

In the original description of the flag by designer Zeng, the larger star symbolizes the Communist Party of China, and the four smaller stars that surround the big star symbolize the four social classes (the working class, the peasantry, the urban petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie) of Chinese people mentioned in Mao's "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship". The five stars that formed an ellipse represent the territory of China (including Outer Mongolia) which is shaped like a Begonia leaf. It is sometimes stated that the five stars of the flag represent the five largest ethnic groups. This is generally regarded as an erroneous conflation

Mainland: 1928–49
Taiwan: 1945– Flag of the Republic of China A red field, with a blue canton containing a 12-ray white sun. This flag flew over Mainland China until 1949, and is presently flown in Taiwan and other islands under the control of the ROC. This flag can be sometimes seen in Mainland China, for historical and unofficial use.

China has a Coat of Arms, and it has a National emblem that serves much the same function.
The National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国国徽) contains a representation of Tiananmen Gate, the entrance gate of the Forbidden City from the Tiananmen Square in Beijing, in a red circle. Above this representation are the five stars found on the national flag. The largest star represents the Communist Party of China, while the four smaller stars represent the four social classes as defined in Maoism. The emblem is described as being "Composed of patterns of the national flag."
The circle has a border that contains sheaves of wheat reflecting the Maoist philosophy of an agricultural revolution. At the center of the bottom portion of the border is a cog-wheel that represents the industrial workers.

1997– Flag of Hong Kong: a white, five-petal Bauhinia blakeana on a red field

1999– Flag of Macau: a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white, beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars on a green field

Дата добавления: 2015-10-23