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1. The jacket is dirty. It needs ….
2. The room isn’t very nice. It needs ….
3. The grass is very long. It needs ….
4. The screw is loose. It needs ….
5. The bin is full. It needs ….
6. The clock is broken. It needs ….
7. The computer is old. It needs ….
Task B6. Fill in the gaps with gerunds formed from the following verbs.
Take go tell use turn pay stop
1. We ran ten kilometers without ….
2. He left the hotel without … the bill.
3. It’s a nice morning. How about … for a walk?
4. We were able to translate the letter into English without … a dictionary.
5. I was annoyed because the decision was made without … me.
6. We lost our way because we went straight on instead of …left.
7. I like these photographs. You are good at … photographs.
Part C
Task C1. Change the sentences according to the model.
Model: He will not make his description brief unless he eliminates all the unnecessary details. > He will not make his description brief without eliminating all the unnecessary details.
1. She will not be able to do this exercise unless she learns the rule.
2. The student’s will not know the subject well unless they study it hard.
3. He will not solve this problem unless he considers it properly.
4. Тhey will not be able to solve the problem unless they suggest a better approach to it.
5. Не will not understand the nature of this phenomenon unless he reads the article thoroughly.
6. He will not be able to perform the experiment unless he gets all the necessary materials.
7. They will not be able to specify the value unless they use this equation.
Task C2. Choose the correct Russian equivalent.
1. I hate disturbing people.
A) Терпеть не могу беспокоить людей.
B) Терпеть не могу, когда меня беспокоят.
2. William likes being read to.
A) Уильям любит читать.
B) Уильям любит, когда ему читают.
3. Jane is against being sent abroad.
A) Джейн против того, чтобы посылать его за границу.
B) Джейн против того, чтобы ее посылали за границу.
4. He doesn’t like asking questions.
A) Он не любит, когда ему задают вопросы.
B) Он не любит задавать вопросы.
5. Ann denies being helped.
A) Анна отрицает, что ей помогают.
B) Анна отрицает, что ей оказали помощь.
6. He is proud of having a friend like you.
A) Он гордится тем, что имеет такого друга, как ты.
B) Он гордится тем, что может иметь такого друга, как ты.
Task C3. Translate into English using gerunds.
1. Испытание нового оборудования было нелегкой задачей.
2. Его главная задача сейчас – испытание нового оборудования.
3. Они начали испытывать новое оборудование на прошлой неделе.
4. Им нужно дополнительное время для испытания нового оборудования.
5. При испытании нового оборудования были выявлены существенные дефекты.
6. Мы не можем начать эксперимент, не испытав (без испытания) нового оборудования.
7. После того, как они испытали новое оборудование, они составили подробный отчет.
Инфинитивом (Infinitive) называется неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе свойства глагола и существительного. Инфинитив представляет собой первую форму глагола с частицей to (to-infinitive) или без таковой (bare infinitive).
Употребление инфинитива без частицы to
1) После модальных глаголов can (could), may (might), must, shall (should), will (would).
Now you can classify the elements. Теперь вы можете классифицировать эти элементы.
2) После сочетаний had better (лучше бы), would rather, would sooner (предпочел бы).
You’d better not be late. Тебе бы лучше не опаздывать.
He said he would sooner stay at home. Он сказал, что предпочел бы остаться дома.
3) В составе сложного дополнения (Complex Object) после некоторых глаголов (см. подробнее Unit 4.)
4) После глагола help – помогать инфинитив может употребляться как с частицей to, так и без нее.
Таблица 5
Функции инфинитива в предложении
И способы перевода на русский язык
| Функция | Способы перевода | Примеры |
| Подлежащее (Subject), перед сказуемым | Неопределенная форма глагола или существительное | To do two things at once is to do neither. Делать два дела одновременно – значит не делать ни одного. |
| Часть сказуемого (Part of predicate) | Неопределенная форма глагола или существительное | Our task is to do this work properly. Наша задача заключается в том, чтобы сделать эту работу должным образом. |
| Дополнение (Object), после сказуемого | Неопределенная форма глагола или существительное | Learn to walk before you run. Научитесь ходить (ходьбе), прежде чем побежать. |
| Определение (Attribute), после определяемого слова | Придаточное предложение | There are many considerations to be taken into account. Существует много соображений, которые следует принять во внимание. He was the first to realize the difficulty of the situation. Он был первым, кто осознал трудность положения. |
| Обстоятельство (Adberbial Modifier), в начале или в конце предложения, иногда с союзом in order | Придаточное предложение | In order to live long it is necessary to live slowly. Чтобы жить долго, надо жить не торопясь. The postulates should be simple enough to seem almost obvious. Постулаты должны быть достаточно простыми, чтобы они казались почти очевидными. |
| Вводное слово (Parenthesis), всегда выделяется запятыми | Деепричастие или устойчивое выражение | To sum up, we consider a table. Подводя итог, рассмотрим таблицу. To begin with, mind the safety. Прежде всего, помните о безопасности. |
| Сложное дополнение (Complex Object) (см. подробнее Unit 4) | Придаточное предложение | We expected Dan to be late. Мы ожидали, что Дэн опоздает. |
| Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) (см. подробнее Unit 5) | Придаточное предложение | The problem is considered to remain unsolved. Cчитается, что задача осталась нерешенной. |
Таблица 6
Формы инфинитива
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple | to V1 to help | to be V3 He is glad to be helped. Он рад, что ему помогают. |
| Continuous | to be V1 to be helping | |
| Perfect | to have V3 to have helped. | to have been V3 to have been helped. |
Особенности перевода сложных форм инфинитива
1) Инфинитив в простых формах (to V1, to be V3) обозначает действие, происходящее одновременно с действием сказуемого предложения:
He is glad to help you. Он рад тебе помочь.
He is glad to be helped. Он рад, что ему помогают.
2) Инфинитив в продолженных формах (to be V1) обозначает длящееся действие, происходящее одновременно с действием сказуемого предложения.
He is glad to be helping you. Он рад тебе помогать.
3) Инфинитив в перфектных формах (to have V3, to have been V3) обозначает действие, предшествующее действию сказуемого.
He is glad to have helped you. Он рад, что помог тебе.
He is glad to have been helped. Он рад, что ему помогли.
3) Инфинитив в активных формах (to V1, to be V1, to have V3) обозначает действие, субъектом которого является то же лицо, что и подлежащее предложения:
He is glad to help you. Он рад тебе помочь. (Кто рад? Он. Кто помогает? Он.)
He is glad to have helped you. Он рад, что помог тебе. (Кто рад? Он. Кто помогал? Он.)
4) Инфинитив в пассивных формах (to be V3, to have been V3) обозначает действие, объектом которого является подлежащее предложения.
He is glad to be helped. Он рад, что ему помогают. (Кто рад? Он. Кто помогает? Неизвестно = Не он. Кому помогают? Ему.)
He is glad to have been helped. Он рад, что ему помогли. (Кто рад? Он. Кто помог? Неизвестно = Не он. Кому помогли? Ему.)
Сложные формы инфинитива используются преимущественно в письменной речи и переводятся придаточными предложениями.
Некоторые устойчивые выражения с инфинитивом
Как вводным словом (выражением)
to begin with прежде всего
to judge by судя по
to cut the long story short короче говоря
to put it another way иначе говоря
needless to say нет надобности говорить
to say nothing of не говоря уже о
to be exact точнее говоря
to say the least мягко выражаясь
to sum up подводя итог
to quote a single example если привести один пример
to tell the truth по правде говоря
to illustrate для иллюстрации, например
to take an example например
to generalize обобщая, в общем
Инфинитивный оборот For … to VИнфинитивный оборот For … to V (For … to V construction) состоит из:
1) предлога for и существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже (me, him, her, us, you, them), обозначающего субъект действия инфинитива.
2) инфинитива с частицей to, обозначающего действие.
Инфинитивный оборот For … to V1 переводится придаточным предложением с союзом чтобы (что), подлежащее которого определяется субъектом действия инфинитива, а сказуемое – инфинитивом.
(1) (2)
For this methodto be valuable it must be improved.
(1) (2)
Чтобы этот методбыл полезным, его надо усовершенствовать.
В некоторых случаях возможен перевод без придаточного предложения, неопределенной формой глагола.
There is a possibility for him to attend the conference.
У него есть возможность присутствовать на конференции.
Part A
Task A1. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a subject.
1. To understand is to forgive.
2. To err is human.
3. To explain this simple fact is not very easy.
4. Whether to leave or not has not been decided yet.
5. Where to hang a picture must be decided right now.
6. Which advice to follow is your own business.
7. To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of natural science.
Task A2. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a part of the predicate.
1. To read a lot is to know a lot.
2. The aim was to discuss the impact of scientific activity on technology.
3. To choose time is to save time.
4. His intention is to get into parliament.
5. Perhaps the greatest problem at present is to get some understanding of the remarkable phenomenon of memory.
6. The original idea was to take advantage of the high temperature of the process.
7. His primary task is to provide conditions for our experiments.
Task A3. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an object.
1. She learned to dance at school.
2. He found it impossible to raise the question at the meeting.
3. I don’t know whether to apply for a job or not.
4. The experimental results are not easy to interpret.
5. The latest paper by Peter is rather difficult to understand.
6. He is happy to have passed all the exams successfully.
7. Jane is ready to give an interview.
8. Do you want to go to the lecture?
9. She likes to sing English songs.
Task A4. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an attribute.
1. We shall study minerals to be obtained in this mountain.
2. The first scientist to discover this phenomenon was Lavoisier.
3. There are many examples to illustrate the rule.
4. The procedure to be followed depends upon the substance.
5. Here are some more figures to be referred to later.
6. There was only one signal to be detected.
7. There is nothing to be surprised at.
8. Here are the papers to be signed.
9. There was nobody to speak to.
Task A5. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an adverbial modifier.
1. To enter an institute you have to take entrance exams.
2. You are too young to understand it.
3. To understand the importance of the event you should know all the facts.
4. He was clever enough to answer any question.
5. To master English you should work hard.
6. Laws were not made to be broken; laws were made to stay within.
7. She put on her coat so as not to be cold.
8. I was too busy to see anyone.
9. He was so weak as to be unable to work.
Task A6. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a parenthesis.
1. To begin with, one can say that an electric current is the result of a flow of electric charges.
2. To be sure, a great progress in chemistry has been made in the last few decades.
3. To sum up the chapter, gas theory enables us to determine some of the properties of molecular exterior.
4. To illustrate, Figure 2 gives the energy level diagram of potassium.
5. To anticipate a little, the evidence supports the view that the cathode rays consist of swiftly moving, negative electrons.
6. To begin with, he has been working for this company for 30 years.
7. To tell the truth, he can’t be relied upon.
Task A7. Translate the sentences with theiInfinitive in the For …to V construction.
1. It was impossible for me to solve this problem myself.
2. She was waiting for somebody to come.
3. The lady was speaking too fast for me to get her.
4. He asked for the papers to be brought.
5. I am anxious (мне очень хочется) for Mr. Smith to succeed in all he undertakes.
6. The best thing for you to do is to meet him.
7. She was impatient for him to be gone.
8. There was really nothing for him to do there.
9. For a force to exist there must be two objects involved.
10. The temperature was too low for the substance to decompose.
Task A8. Translate into Russian.
1. We were sorry to find out that most of the museums were closed that day.
2. This is a man to be relied upon.
3. This is an interesting fact to be mentioned in the report.
4. To take an example, let us go back to the chapter which has been described earlier.
5. You would rather go to class tomorrow than today.
6. There is nothing to be afraid of.
7. His name is difficult to pronounce.
8. Sally was the first to offer her help.
9. The terms to be insisted on are as follows.
10. The tendency was for the gas to become ionized.
11. To understand the phenomenon the laws of motion should be considered.
12. The motion took place long enough for the bodies to become heated.
Task A9. Insert to where necessary. Translate into Russian.
1. I think you ought... apologize.
2. Can you help me... move this table?
3. I must... see him now. It’s urgent.
4. It can’t... be done now.
5. She asked me... read the letter carefully and... write an answer.
6. The man told me not... walk on the grass.
7. Let me... help you with your work.
8. She ought... take care of her health.
9. We had better... stop to rest a little.
10. I don’t know what... do.
11. I can’t... go there now, I have... do my homework.
12. He is not sure that it can.... be done, but he is willing...try.
13. She looked for the book everywhere but could not... find it.
14. He said that she might... come soon.
Part B
Task B1. Translate into Russian.
1. To avoid making mistake is always very difficult, because to err is human.
2. To appreciate the accuracy of the data, refer to Table 1 on page 57.
3. The system should be designed to meet information requirements.
4. A common objective is to maximize the excess of value over cost.
5. Some of the immediate benefits to be obtained from a bargain are the following.
6. What we try to do is to foretell a general tendency rather than a particular development.
7. The aim of the book is to present the case for an extensive study of this complicated phenomenon.
8. To conclude, a definite science politics is needed if the development of science is to favour the best interests of the country.
Task B2. Choose the correct infinitive form and translate into Russian.
1. The article must (translate / be translated) into Russian.
2. Ann did very well at the exam. She must (be studying / have studied) very hard.
3. George has (to call / to be called) his insurance agent today.
4. It is too cold (to bathe / to have bathed) today.
5. I hope (to send / to be sent) to the conference.
6. The budget committee decided (to postpone / to be postponed) the meeting.
7. The weather seems (to be improving / to have improved) now.
8. I am glad (to have seen / to have been seen) you.
9. The letter may (have been sent / have sent) to the wrong address.
10. I am looking for Helen. Do you know where she is? She may (watch / be watching) TV in her room.
Task B3. Find the infinitive and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.
| Infinitive as a Subject | Infinitive as an Adverbial Modifier |
1. To solve this problem is extremely important.
2. To solve this problem you have to make a great many experiments.
3. To drive a car in a big city is very difficult.
4. To drive a car in a big city one must be an experienced driver.
5. To calculate the age of our planet one must have much knowledge in different branches of science.
6. To calculate the age of our planet requires much knowledge in diffеrent branches of science.
7. To get the new magazine I had to go to the library.
8. To run modern machines workers must be educated.
9. To avoid an accident the cars had to move slowly.
10. To get to the earth the rays of the sun have to travel during 8 minutes.
11. To find the mass of the electron numerous experiments had to be made.
12. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.
13. To prevent corrosion metal must be covered with paint.
14. To give advice is easier than to follow it.
15. To prove it will be very difficult.
Task B4. Choose the correct English equivalent.
1. Макс хочет обучать вас испанскому языку.
A) Max wants to teach you Spanish.
B) Max wants to be taught Spanish.
2. Ребенок любит, чтобы ему читали.
A) The child likes to read.
B) The child likes to be read to.
3. Я хочу, чтобы меня проинформировали об ее приезде.
A) I want to be informed of her arrival.
B) I want to inform him of her arrival.
4. Грейс рада, что ее пригласили на вечер.
A) Grace is happy to have invited us to the party.
B) Grace is happy to have been invited to the party.
5. Мне не нравится, когда Вы меня беспокоите.
A) I don’t like to be disturbed by you.
B) I don’t like to disturb you.
6. Я сделал вид, что читаю газету.
A) I pretended to be reading the newspaper.
B) I pretended to have read the newspaper.
7. Я рад, что выбрал правильный ответ.
A) I am glad to have chosen the proper answer.
B) I am glad to be chosen the proper answer.
8. Ты мог бы попрощаться со мной.
A) You could say goodbye to me.
B) You could be said goodbye to me.
Task B5. Change the sentences according to the model. Model 1: I am sorry I don’t believe you. > I am sorry not to believe you. 1. I am sorry Idon’t speak French.
2. I am lucky I study at the University.
3. Не is glad he has acquired а good knowledge of English.4. We are happy we have a good time here.Model 2: I am glad I am asked to help you. > I am glad to be asked to help you. 5. He is sorry he is compared to a man like that.6. She is lucky she is given much attention.7. They were unlucky they weren’t given much attention.8. Не is glad he is supported. Task B6. Change the sentences according to the model. Model: She compared these substances. It was not easy. > It was not easy for her to compare these substances.
1. He provided broad answers to their questions. It was important.
2. She treated the subject thoroughly. It was difficult.
3. They touched on a variety of more general topics. It was useful.
4. The author considered all these questions. It was not difficult.
5. They participated in the meeting. It was necessary.
6. He proved the validity of his conclusions. It was not easy.
7. They obtained the substance in extremely pure form. It was necessary.
Task B7. Change the sentences according to the model. Model: I have brought the book so that you may read it. > I have brought the book for you to read. 1. He suggested an article so that they should discuss it.2. We have assembled a new device so that they may use it in their experiment.3. I can provide some new information so that you may use it in your future work.4. I have simplified the sentence so that you may translate it.5. He began to speak louder so that everybody might hear him well.6. He suggested an interesting problem so that you might consider it.7. He has described the new scheme in detail so that you may make use of it.
Task B8. Correct the mistakes if any.
1. I can check all these calculations once more.
2. You should to consult the doctor.
3. This food must keep at -20º.
4. It is possible for the reaction occur.
5. Is it reasonable to upgrade the device?6. I’d like to be made an appointment.
7. The President is to have visited Vienna next year.
8. It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.
9. Do you understand what to do?
10. I promised not be late.
11. Could I to use your phone?
12. I’d better to go now.
Part C Task C1. Respond according to the model. Model: To study English is not important. > Just the opposite. It’s important to study English. 1. To work with mercury is not dangerous.2. To detect second sound in such materials is not difficult.3. To investigate the properties of this substance is not important.4. To draw decisive conclusions on the problem is not possible.5. To read through the history of physics is not interesting.6. To discuss methods for studying such phenomena is not necessary.7. To explain the difference between these processes is not reasonable.8. To obtain this kind of information is not easy.Task C2. Change the sentences according to the model. Model 1: This device is primitive. It cannot be used in our experiment. > This device is too primitive to be used in experiment. 1. The ideas are old. They will not be discussed now.2. The question is serious. It cannot be answered at once.3. The method is complicated. It should not be used by the students.4. The book is difficult. It cannot be adapted for our students.5. The explanation is too theoretical. It should not be given to students.6. This description is too elementary. It should not be used for our purpose.
Model 2: He considered that it was important to provide answers to their questions. > He considered it important to provide answers to their questions. 7. He thought that it was necessary to simplify the procedure.8. He thought that it was useful to touch on a variety of more general topics.9. He found that it was impossible to consider all these problems in one article.10. He didn’t consider that it was easy to compare these substances.11. He found that it was impossible to adapt his plans to suit new circumstances.12. They thought that it was necessary to take particular care over doing that task.
Task C3. Translate from Russian into English using infinitives. 1. Я рад, что приобрел достаточные знания.2. Вы рады, что вам предложили это исследование?
3. Инженеры сообщили, что достигли хороших результатов при последних испытаниях новой модели.
4. Он первым выбрал правильное решение.5. Ваша задача заключается в том, чтобы наблюдать за экспериментом.
6. Чтобы повысить цену, мы должны улучшить качество товаров.
7. Решить эту проблему очень важно.8. Лучший способ решить эту проблему – много работать.9. Он должен был решить эту проблему немедленно.10. Эта проблема должна быть решена в ближайшем будущем.11. Они хотели решить эту проблему.12. Они слишком устали, чтобы решать эту проблему сейчас.Task C4. Translate into English using For…to V construction.
1. Язык специалистов трудно понять обычному человеку.
2. Двух часов достаточно, чтобы произошла реакция.
3. Математикам потребовалось долгое время, чтобы осознать сложность задачи.
4. Чтобы запрограммировать компьютер, задача должна быть сведена к серии очень простых шагов.
5. Ученому необходимо внедрить свое изобретение.
6. Трех лет недостаточно, чтобы этот проект был завершен.
Unit 4. Complex Object. Infinitive or ing -form?Сложное дополнение (Complex Object) располагается после сказуемого и состоит из:
1) существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже (me, him, her, it, us, you, them), обозначающего субъект действия;
2) инфинитива с частицей to, или инфинитива без частицы to или ing -формы.
После глаголов со значениями «заставлять» (make, cause и др.) и «позволять» (allow, permit, enable, let и др.) сложное дополнение переводится существительным (местоимением) и неопределенной формой глагола.
(1) (2)
The pressure causes the iceto melt.
(1) (2)
Давление заставляет ледтаять
После глаголов make и let инфинитив используется БЕЗ частицы to.
(1) (2)
The rain made himdrive slower.
(1) (2)
Дождь заставил егоехать медленнее.
После глаголов чувственного восприятия (see, hear, feel, watch, observe и др.) и мыслительной деятельности (think, expect, assume, consider и др.) сложное дополнение переводится придаточным предложением, подлежащее которого определяется первым элементом сложного дополнения, а сказуемое – вторым.
(1) (2)
He considers the problemto beсome difficult.
(1) (2)
Он считает, что задачастановится сложной.
(1) (2)
We expect the documentsto be signed within a week.
(1) (2)
Мы ожидаем, что документыбудут подписаны в течение недели.
(1) (2)
После глаголов чувственного восприятия инфинитив употребляется БЕЗ частицы to.
(1) (2)
We often see themplay tennis.
(1) (2)
Мы часто видим, как онииграют в теннис.
I heard the windwhistling all night.
(1) (2)
Я слышал, как ветерсвистел всю ночь.
Однако если сказуемое используется в пассивном залоге, инфинитив всегда употребляется с частицей to:
They were made to do it. Их заставили это сделать.
She was seen to leave the room. Видели, как она выходила из комнаты.
После глагола help – помогать инфинитив может употребляться как с частицей to, так и без нее.
Инфинитив или ing -форма?
После некоторых глаголов обычно используется инфинитив: want – хотеть, ask – просить, help – помогать, expect – ожидать, offer – предлагать, would like – хотел бы, afford – позволять, agree – соглашаться, decide – решать, promise – обещать, refuse – отказывать.
I want you to come with me. Я хочу, чтобы ты пошел со мной.
После некоторых глаголов обычно используется ing -форма: imagine – воображать, keep on – продолжать, mind – возражать, admit – допускать, deny – отрицать, enjoy – нравиться, suggest – предлагать, stand – выносить.
I can’t imagine George riding a motorbike. Я не могу представить себе, как Джордж ездит на мотоцикле.
После некоторых глаголов используется как инфинитив, так и ing -форма: begin, start – начинать, continue – продолжать, intend – намереваться, stop – останавливаться, прекращать, remember – помнить, вспоминать, regret – сожалеть, жалеть, try – пытаться, пробовать.
It has started to rain. = It has started raining. Начался дождь.
Однако ing -форма не должна следовать за ing -формой
It is starting to rain. Начинается дождь.
При этом смысл глагола может несколько отличаться, ср.:
Did you remember to turn off the lights? Ты не забыл выключить свет? I remember traveling around China. Я вспоминаю поездку в Китай.
After a couple of hours we stopped to have a rest. Через пару часов мы остановились, чтобы отдохнуть. At 5 o’clock everyone stopped working and went home. В 5 часов все прекратили работу и пошли домой.
She tried to call you but she couldn’t get through. Она пыталась звонить тебе, но не могла дозвониться. Why don’t you try changing the batteries? Почему ты не попробуешь заменить батареи?
После глаголов чувственного восприятия используются как инфинитив, так и ing -форма, однако смысл будет несколько отличаться.
The accident happened. I saw this. Произошла авария. Я видел это. > I saw the accident happen. Я видел, как произошла авария.
I saw Kate yesterday. She was waiting for a bus. Я видел Кейт вчера. Она ждала автобуса. > I saw Kate waiting for a bus. Я видел Кейт, когда она ждала автобус.
Part A
Task A1. Make the sentences and translate them into Russian.
a) I would like you to forget it
She wants me to remember that day
They wished him to take care of the children
us to resign
John to call for the doctor
Ann to tell the truth
b) We want the plan to be adopted
They don’t wish the problem to be solved
Would you like the fact to be revealed?
He wouldn’t like the work to be done properly
She meant the review to be prepared
everything to be arranged
the facts to be checked
c) He allows me to use his telephone.
I allow her to change the article.
We didn’t tell anyone to read his papers.
They ordered everybody to stay at home.
She does not ask him to bring magazines.
You will get them to go for a walk.
d) The professor allowed the prisoner to be arrested.
The chief did not allow the man to be set free.
The manager ordered the bridge to be blown up.
The commander the device to be questioned.
The inspector anything to be changed.
to be operated on.
Task A2. Translate into Russian:
1. I supposed him to be about fifty.
2. I believed her to be in St. Petersburg.
3. We knew them to be right.
4. They thought us to be experienced enough to carry out this work.
5. He considers her to be a good singer.
6. We expected him to arrive soon.
7. Do you expect the documents to be signed tomorrow?
8. He expects them to finish the work as soon as possible.
9. You must ask someone to see her off.
10. Let him follow my advice.
11. She can make them get in touch with me.
Task A3. Insert to where necessary and translate into Russian.
1. I saw him … cross the street.
2. They allowed us … go to the party.
3. I hate him … interrupt me.
4. She would like … be invited to concert.
5. She felt him …. touch her hand.
6. She cannot bear him … speak like that.
7. We shall watch the ship … sail off.
8. Do your parents make you … study English?
9. I like people …tell the truth.
10. I haven’t heard anyone …call me.
Task A4. Translate into Russian.
1. During the experiment we saw the temperature fall rapidly.
2. They believe the substance to have dissolved.
3. We have thought this law to hold only for gases which are under normal conditions.
4. One may safely expect this prediction to be quite reliable.
5. On assuming the body with the mass m to be acted upon by force f, let us calculate the acceleration.
6. Examination with X-rays has shown the halogen even in the solid state to possess diatomic molecules.
7. They found radon to be 3 times as heavy as hydrogen.
Task A5. Make sentences using the Complex Object.
Model: He expected (they, arrive) at 5. > He expected them to arrive at 5.
1. Do you want (they, stay) at the hotel or with us?
2. I'd like (the professor, look through) my report.
3. Do you want (I, show) you the sights of the city?
4. We expect (he, arrange) everything by the time we come.
5. I want (she, tell) me the news in brief.
6. He expected (the meeting, hold) in the Red Room.
7. I would like (they, fix) an appointment for me for Tuesday.
8. We want (she, introduce) us to the president.
9. I don't want (they, be late) for dinner.
10. He expected (she, invite) to the party by the Smiths.
11. I'd like (the dress, buy) by Saturday.
12.1 don't want (she, treat) like Alice.
13. We considered (he, be) an honest person.
14. I don't like (she, prevent) me from doing it.
15. I suspect (he, help) by her.
Part B
Task B1. Change the sentences according to the model. Model: I saw how he seized something off the table. > I saw him seize something off the table. 1. They watched how the light particles struck the heavy ones.2. We couldn’t see how the particles acquired the opposite sign.3. Will you be able to notice how they will acquire a sufficient charge?4. I’ve never observed how he rubs the substance with fur.5. I see that the substance behaves differently.6. He watched how we brought the two substances into contact.7. They saw how we changed the sign.8. They heard how I spoke on the cause for the Earth’s magnetism.9. We watched how they weighed the substances.Task B2. Complete the sentences. Use the following verbs in the correct forms (to-infinitive or bare infinitive). acquire change make electrify weigh support choose observe 1. My parents want me … a sufficient knowledge of English.2. We saw him … considerably.3. We expect you … a new suggestion.4. The lab assistant watched the students … the substance rubbing it with fur.5. I asked you … the substances before the experiment takes place.6. We heard you … the new theory.7. I’d like you … the proper way.8. You’d better … the behavior of the nuclei.
Task B3. Choose the correct form and translate into Russian.
1. We're still waiting for him (to arrive / arriving).2. I would love (to visit / visiting) India one day.3. Sandra tried (to write / writing) him a letter but he didn't answer.4. He only finished the essay on time by (to work / working) all night.5. Come here. I would like (to tell / telling) you something.6. Laura didn't want to leave without (to speak / speaking) to Dan.7. He is thinking about (to change / chanhing) jobs. Task B3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. 1. He forgot (put) out the fire. 2. I'll never forget (visit) Italy for the first time.3. Jamie couldn't stop (think) about what had happened the night before.4. Sorry I'm a bit late. I had to stop (buy) petrol on the way over here.5. Did you remember (get) some milk when you were out?6. I remember (talk) to your friend Debbie at the party.7. George isn't here; he must (be) on his way to work.8. He wanted (catch) the 8 o'clock train but he was too late.9. We should (do) more to help endangered species.Part C
Task C1. Translate into English.
1. Она попросила открыть окно.
2. Она попросила сына открыть окно.
3. Он не разрешил отвезти книги в институт.
4. Он не разрешил им отвозить книги в институт.
5. Директор попросил отослать письмо по электронной почте.
6. Директор попросил секретаря отослать письмо как можно быстрее.
7. Преподаватель разрешил сдать курсовую работу.
8. Преподаватель разрешил студентам сдать курсовую работу через неделю.
9. Он приказал продать товары немедленно.
10. Он приказал своему агенту продать товары немедленно.
11. Она попросила, чтобы ей показали письмо.
12. Она попросила секретаря показать ей письмо.
Task C2. Complete each sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence. Model: I was surprised that this effect is measured directly. > I didn’t expect this effect to be measured directly.
| 1. At first I didn’t want to take part in the conference, but my friend persuaded me. | My friend persuaded … |
| 2. I was not surprised that this fact found further confirmation. | I expected … |
| 3. I think you should know the results of the experiment. | I want you … |
| 4. This suggestion is wrong, we proved this. | We proved … |
| 5. The developers said that users could participate in writing the manual. | The developers allowed … |
| 6. The reaction goes faster when the pressure increases. | An increase in pressure makes … |
| 7. Don’t stop them studying the problem. | Let … |
Task C4. Correct the mistakes. 1. I don’t mind to walk home.2. What made you to change your decision?3. He asked the students calculate the price again.4. It was really a good holiday. I enjoyed to be by the sea again.5. He denies to have seen the document before.6. I’ve never been to Iceland, but I’d like go there.7. Do you want that I come?8. Let me to carry your bag.9. Suddenly everybody stopped to talk. There was silence.10. They warned me not touch the switch. Unit 5. Complex Subject
Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) состоит из:
1) существительного или местоимения в общем падеже (I, he, she, it, we, you, they), обозначающего субъект действия;
2) инфинитива с частицей to.
Между элементами сложного подлежащего располагается сказуемое предложения, которое переводится безличной конструкцией и может выражаться:
a) глаголом в пассивном залоге (assume, expect, think – полагать, consider – считать, see – видеть, hear – слышать, prove – оказываться и т.д.)
(1) (2) (3)
The problem is considered to remain unsolved.
(2) (1) (3)
Считается, что проблема осталась нерешенной.
б) глаголом в активном залоге (seem, appear – казаться, happen, prove, turn out, chance – оказываться и др.)
(1) (2) (3)
The data proved to be wrong
(2) (1) (3)
Оказалось, что данные неверны.
в) выражениями с глаголоме to be (to be likely – вероятно, to be unlikely – маловероятно, to be sure, to be certain – несомненно и др.)
(1) (2) (3)
The weather is likely to change in a few days.
(2) (1) (3)
Вероятно, погода изменится через несколько дней.
Part A
Task A1. Translate into Russian.
1. He is known to be a great book-lover.
2. The members of the committee are expected to come to an agreement.
3. Many buildings were reported to have been damaged by the fire.
4. The experiment is believed to be а failure.
5. She seems to know the subject well.
6. He happened to be at home at that time.
7. There seem to be no changes in the trade relations between these two countries.
8. There proved to be many difficulties in solving the matter.
9. There happened to be many people there at that time.
10. The ship can be expected to arrive at the end of the week.
Task A2. Make sentences and translate them into Russian.
а) Mary is considered to be a good singer
Mr. Robinson is believed a talented artist
Who was reported an experienced lawyer
They was announced capable students
was said a famous poet
are thought very brave
is known competent and efficient
b) The weather turned out to have forgotten her promise
I seemed to be there at that time
Kate proved to know English well
happened to be a good tennis player
chanced to be improving
c) He is unlikely to come soon
They are likely to be invited to the conference
The goods certain to know her address
Dr. Brown sure to be unloaded
to arrive in time
Task A3. Translate into Russian.
1. The radius of our orbit is believed to be increasing very slowly.
2. There appears to be direct evidence of the existence of negative electrons in matter.
3. Ordinary objects are not likely to move with a velocity approaching the velocity of light.
4. Secondary radiation may be expected to rise when the primary radiations are observed.
5. Light is to be considered as some kind of wave motion of electromagnetic origin.
6. In liquids and solids the movement of molecules must be supposed to be more restricted.
7. At first the alpha-rays were thought to be undeviated by the magnetic fields.
Part B
Task B1. Choose the correct English equivalent.
1. Известно, что они взяли эту информацию из журнала. a) They are known to obtain the information from this magazine. b) They are known to have obtained the information from this magazine.2. Говорят, что они используют это вещество в своих опытах. a) They are said to use the substance in their experiments. b) They are said to have used this substance in the experiment.3. Вероятно, он придет сегодня. a) He is likely to come today. b) He is unlikely to come today.4. Маловероятно, что они закончат работу вовремя.
a) They are unlikely to complete the work in time. b) They are likely to complete the work in time.
5. Несомненно, что его не спрашивали об этом.
a) He is sure not to ask about it. b) He is sure not to be asked about it.6. Маловероятно, что цены скоро упадут.
a) The prices are certain to fall soon. b) The prices are unlikely to fall soon.Task B2. Change these sentences according to the model.
Model 1: He may come on Sunday. > He is likely to come on Sunday.
1. They may have a good time in the bar tonight.
2. You may miss the train unless you hurry.
3. They may go on a world tour.
4. This branch of mathematics may develop very rapidly.5. The procedure of the experiment may be simplified.6. All her efforts may end in failure.Model 2: She may not allow us to go there. > She is unlikely to allow us to go there.
1. The plane may not reach the place of destination on time.
2. She may not go by plane.
3. He may not be invited to the conference.
4. They may not follow my recommendations.
5. They may not develop a direct approach to the problem.Model 3: They will certainly help us.> They are sure to help us.
1. He will certainly win this match.
2. They will certainly get married soon.
3. This picture will certainly be the best at the exhibition.
4. This experiment will certainly be performed next week.5. This fact will certainly find further confirmation.6. The new publication will certainly give rise to interesting response.Task B3. Make sentences using the Complex Subject.
Model: He, to think, to study, now. > He is thought to study now.
1. He, to consider, to be, a good musician.
2. They, to think, to go away, some days ago.
3. James, to expect, to make a report, next Wednesday.
4. Steve, to know, to help them, when they are in trouble.
5. Mozart, to know, to compose, a lot of wonderful pieces of music.
6. The film, to consider, to be, the worst of the year.
7. He, to expect, to manage, the business himself.
8. She, to say, to be, at the customs office now.
Part C
Task C1. Change these sentences according to the model. Model: The planets are moving in one direction around the sun. (to know) > The planets are known to be moving in one direction around the sun. 1. The scientists are taking data day and night. (to report)2. Data are being taken day and night. (to report)3. They are measuring the value with high degree of accuracy. (to inform)4. The value is being measured with high degree of accuracy. (to inform)5. They are producing these particles in a special accelerator. (to say)6. These particles are being produced in a special accelerator. (to say)7. He is using another method of investigation. (to seem)8. Another method of investigation is being used by him. (to seem)Task C2. Find the infinitive construction and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.
| Complex Object | Complex Subject | For … to V |
1. The engineers of that plant are said to have constructed a new device.
2. We want you to see the new university building.
3. The company is believed to have lost a lot of money last year.
4. We suppose the construction of that building to be completed in a week.
5. The construction of that building is supposed to be completed in a week.
6. Nobody watched her dance.
7. She waited for him to speak.
8. They are certain to cope with the problem facing them.
9. We think them to build the pipeline next month.
10. This pipeline is thought to be built next autumn.
11. The engineer believes the mechanic to finish repairing the engine ahead of time.
12. The mechanic is believed to finish repairing the engine ahead of time.
13. I heard somebody mention his name at the last meeting.
14. He seems to have traveled much.
15. This experiment is said to have been completed successfully.
Task C3. Translate into English using the Complex Subject.
1. Стивен обязательно выиграет эту игру.
2. Известно, что Питер уехал в Осло.
3. Предполагают, что президент выступит на конференции.
4. Эту пьесу считают самой интересной в театре.
5. Кажется, она готовит яблочный пирог.
6. Полагают, что они уехали вчера.
7. Он, вероятно, пишет новую статью.
8. Маловероятно, что переговоры закончатся завтра.
9. Полагают, что эта работа была выполнена успешно.
10. Вряд ли этот факт очень важен для нас.
11. Говорят, что ученые уже приехали на конференцию.
12. Известно, что этот комитет был создан несколько лет тому назад.
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