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Our team is verifying a new method. Наша команда проверяет новый метод.
Причастие I (Participle I)
Almost every processing industry is now exploring the use of microwave heat. Почти каждая отрасль обрабатывающей промышленности сейчас изучает использование микроволновой энергии.
Герундий (Gerund)
Leaving the earth means moving upwards against gravity. Оторваться от Земли означает двигаться вверх против силы притяжения.
Имя существительное (Noun)
At the beginning of this chapter different routing algorithms are discussed. В начале этой главы рассматриваются различные алгоритмы маршрутизации.
Имя прилагательное (Adjective)
He is reading a very interesting book. Он читает очень интересную книгу.
Предлог (Preposition)
During last seminar three students presented their projects. В течение прошлого семинара трое студентов представили свои проекты.
Многозначность суффикса - ed
Личная форма правильных глаголов в прошедшем простом времени активного залога (Past Simple Active)
Our team tested this new method last month. Наша команда проверяла этот новый метод в прошлом месяце.
Часть личной формы правильных глаголов во временах группы Perfect активного и пассивного залогов (Perfect Active and Passive)
Our team has already tested this new method. Наша команда уже проверила этот новый метод.
Часть личной формы правильных глаголов в различных временах пассивного залога (Passive)
This new method was tested last month. Этот новый метод проверили в прошлом месяце.
Причастие II (Participle II) правильных глаголов
The results obtained were promising. Полученные результаты были обнадеживающими.
Имя прилагательное (Adjective)
They were moving slowly along the crooked town streets. Они двигались медленно по кривым улицам города.
Союз (Conjunction)
The dog will never bite you provided you let it alone. Эта собака никогда не укусит вас, если вы ее не тронете.
Причастия (Participles)
Причастие является неличной формой глагола, сочетающей свойства глагола и прилагательного (наречия) и выполняет в предложении функции определения или обстоятельства.
Причастие I образуется от первой формы глагола при помощи суффикса - ing и переводится на русский язык причастием действительного залога (что делающий) или деепричастием (что делая). Причастный оборот может также переводиться придаточным предложением.
Increasing population changes the face of the Earth. Растущее население изменяет облик Земли. (определение, переводится причастием)
The boy playing in the garden is my son. Мальчик, играющий в саду (который играет в саду), – мой сын. (определение, переводится причастием или придаточным предложением)
Translating the text the student consulted the dictionary. Переводя текст, студент пользовался словарем. (обстоятельство, переводится деепричастием).
Причастие I в функции обстоятельства может использоваться с союзами when, while, where, if, unless и др. При переводе такой союз можно опустить. Можно также перевести причастный оборот придаточным предложением или существительным с предлогом.
Translating the text the student consulted the dictionary. = While translating the text the student consulted the dictionary. Переводя текст, студент пользовался словарем. = Когда студент переводил текст, он пользовался словарем. = При переводе текста студент пользовался словарем.
Причастие I может иметь сложные формы, которые используются преимущественно в письменной речи (см. Таблицу 1).
Причастие II (Participle II) образуется с помощью суффикса - ed у правильных глаголов и с помощью 3-й формы у неправильных глаголов и не имеет сложных форм.Причастие IIв функции определения переводится на русский язык причастием страдательного залога (что делаемый, что сделанный).
I went toward the lighted window. Я пошел к освещенному окну.
He carried the box to the car parked behind the house. Он понес коробку в машину, припаркованную за домом.
В отличие от русского языка, отдельное английское причастие II в функции определения может стоять не только перед определяемым словом, но и после него, что особенно характерно для письменной речи.
The obtained results were promising. = The results obtained were promising. Полученные результаты были обнадеживающими.
Причастие II в функции обстоятельства часто сопровождается союзами when, while, where, if, unless и др. и переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением.
Asked this question, he couldn’t answer it at once. = When asked this question, he couldn’t answer it at once. Когда ему задали этот вопрос, он не смог ответить сразу.
Таблица 1
Формы причастий и способы перевода
| Participle I | Participle II | ||
| Active | Passive | V3 sent 1) отправляемый / отправленный (определение) 2) когда (его) отправили / так как (его) отправили (обстоятельство) | |
| Simple | Ving sending 1) отправляющий (определение) 2) отправляя (обстоятельство) | being V3 being sent 1) отправляемый / который отправляют (определение) 2) будучи отправленным (обстоятельство) | |
| Perfect | having V3 having sent отправив (обстоятельство) | having been V3 having been sent когда (его) отправили / после того, как (его) отправили (обстоятельство) |
Независимый причастный оборот
(Absolute Participle Construction)
Независимый причастный оборот находится в начале или в конце предложения и состоит из:
1) существительного, иногда с предлогом with
2) причастия
Независимый причастный оборот в начале предложения переводится придаточным предложением с союзом так как, если, когда и др.
(1) (2)
The weather being fine, we went for a walk.
(1) (2)
Так как погода была прекрасной, мы отправились на прогулку.
(1) (2)
The work done, they went home.
(1) (2)
Когда работа была закончена, они пошли домой.
Независимый причастный оборот в конце предложения переводится частью сложносочиненного предложения с союзом причем, а, и и др.
(1) (2)
We completed our experiment, with the results being published.
(1) (2)
Мы закончили эксперимент, причем результаты были опубликованы.
Part A
Task A1. Add -ing to the following verbs and translate Participles I into Russian.
Model: to order – заказывать – ordering – заказывающий
To cut, to play, to write, to forget, to begin, to hope, to put, to study, to open, to give, to sit, to die, to permit, to copy, to refer, to lie, to admit, to close, to travel, to tie, to control, to expel, to comply, to compel, to run, to cancel, to deny.
Task A2. Add - ed to these regular verbs and translate Participles II into Russian.
Model: to order – заказывать – ordered – заказанный
To stop, to expect, to study, to open, to develop, to invite, to play, to type, to copy, to produce, to close, to translate, to describe, to equip, to illustrate, to receive, to manufacture, to publish.
Task A3. Form Participles II from these irregular verbs and translate them into Russian.
To find, to send, to throw, to keep, to take, to leave, to write, to read, to make, to see, to hear, to do, to give, to speak, to show.
Task A4. Translate into Russian.
1. We bought a CD with relaxing music.
2. Nowadays, there is a growing interest in learning foreign languages.
3. All visitors touring the art museum were asked to sign the guest book.
4. He picked up the letter lying on the floor.
5. People starting to learn a foreign language sometimes find it difficult to memorize words.
6. Tourists arriving in London visit various museums.
7. We are all concerned about the rising level of pollution.
8. I think he is the best poet living.
9. Testing the equipment, the engineers applied a new method.
10. Reading books in the original, you will master English very quickly.
Task A5. Define the function of Participle I and translate into Russian:
1. He told her an amusing story.
2. A person telling us good news is always welcome.
3. While skating yesterday he fell and hurt his leg.
4. When writing the letter he tried to follow the "Golden rules" of writing a letter: a letter should be clear, complete, concise, courteous and correct.
5. Receiving an e-mail message, he always gives it to the manager.
6. They spoke about their relatives living in France.
7. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds.
8. While examining the old vase we saw some cracks on it.
Task A6. Define the function of Participle II and translate into Russian.
1. The house built in this street is very beautiful.
2. The issue discussed at the last meeting is of great importance for our company.
3. They have to repair the broken parts of this engine.
4. The data found by the researchers is valuable for their future work.
5. The composition written by this student is excellent.
6. We shall use instruments of an improved design.
7. The method proposed by this young researcher was not acceptable.
8. The results obtained are very good.
9. The results obtained by this group are very good.
10. There are many illustrated magazines in our reading-room.
Task A7. Translate into Russian.
1. The method proposed by this scientist was discussed at the meeting.
2. The data referred to in this paper showed that our conclusions were correct.
3. Our attention will be focused on comparative methods applied by different sciences.
4. The technique employed used a single probe (зонд).
5. The complexity of the technique involved increased considerably.
6. The pressure just calculated is surface pressure.
7. The nucleus formed by the emission of the gamma-ray may be unstable.
8. The temperature of the liquid obtained remained constant.
9. All the isotopes produced by reactors can be made in a cyclotron.
Part В
Task B1. Choose the correct form and translate into Russian.
1. The (breaking / broken) dishes lay on the floor.
2. The (trembling / trembled) children were given a blanket for warmth.
3. Compassionate friends tried to console the (crying / cried) victims of the accident.
4. When James noticed the (burning / burnt) building, he notified the fire department immediately.
5. The (exciting / excited) passengers jumped into the lifeboats when notified that the ship was sinking.
6. The wind made such (frightening / frightened) noises that the children ran to their parents’ room.
7. The (frightening / frightened) hostages only wanted to be left alone.
8. The (boring / bored) lecture got the students to sleep.
9. The (boring / bored) students went to sleep during the (boring/bored) lecture.
10. The police towed away the (parking / parked) cars because they were blocking the entrance.
11. (Freezing / frozen) food is often easier to prepare than fresh food.
12. The (cleaning / cleaned) shoes were placed in the sun to dry.
Task B2. Choose the correct English equivalent.
1. Будьте внимательны, когда ведете машину.
a) Be attentive when driving a car.
b) Be attentive when to be driving a car.
2. На листке бумаги было несколько строк, написанных карандашом.
a) On the sheet of the paper there were several lines writing in pencil.
b) On the sheet of the paper there were several lines written in pencil.
3. Получив телеграмму, моя сестра немедленно выехала в Москву.
a) Received a telegram my sister immediately left for Moscow.
b) Having received a telegram my sister immediately left for Moscow.
4. Я не знаю человека, говорящего по телефону.
a) I don’t know the man speaking on the phone.
b) I don’t know the man having been spoken on the phone.
5. Уехав вечером, мы прибыли в город в полдень.
a) Having left in the evening, we arrived to the city in the afternoon.
b) Have left in the evening, we arrived to the city in the afternoon.
6. Полученное известие взволновало всех.
a) The news having received made everybody excited.
b) The news received made everybody excited.
7. Я оставила ей записку, не застав ее дома.
a) I left her a message not find her at home.
b) I left her a message not having found her at home.
8. Чувствуя усталость, они решили передохнуть.
a) Felt tired they decided to have a rest.
b) Feeling tired they decided to have a rest.
9. Мы сидели на террасе, наслаждаясь чудесным видом гор, окружающих наш отель.
а) We sat on the terrace enjoying a wonderful view of the mountains being surround our hotel.
b) We sat on the terrace enjoying a wonderful view of the mountains surrounding our hotel.
Task B3. Change the sentences according to the model:
Model 1: Getting sufficient energy, the particle can start a discharge. > When the particle gets sufficient energy, it can start a discharge.
1. Flowing towards the anode, the electrons may collide with the atoms or molecules of the gas.
2. Knowing enough about these particles, they can identify them.3. Finding support, the hypothesis was extended and clarified.Model 2: Having escaped from the field, the electrons may collect on the walls of the container. > After the electrons escaped from the field, they may collect on the walls of the container.
4. Having compared all these materials, they were able to choose the best one for their purpose.5. Having attended a course of lectures on the subject, he got a better understanding of it.6. Having considered that hypothetical experiment, they could tell the difference between these two processes.Task B4. Find ing- forms and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.
| Part of the predicate (Continuous Tenses) | Participle I as an attribute | Participle I as an adverbial modifier |
1. He is checking your results.
2. The calculation depends on the peculiar laws governing the movement of molecules.
3. Creative programmers are busily designing new applications.
4. An equation has been developed describing the depolarization of the fluorescence.
5. A theory is presented taking into account the angular distribution of the scattered light.
6. The students will be troubleshooting problems in a real computer network.
7. The students designing and checking a network should meet the specifications.
8. Computers are the sources and receivers of information, both giving to and taking from the Internet.
9. Laptop computers and notebook computers are becoming increasingly popular.
10. Computers recognize and process data using the binary numbering system.
Task B5. Find ed- forms and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.
| Predicate (Past Simple Active) | Part of the predicate (Perfect Tenses) | Part of the predicate (Passive Voice) | Participle II as an attribute | Participle II as an adverbial modifier |
1. He checked all the compositions two days ago.
2. When checked by the teacher, the compositions were given back to the students.
3. He has checked all the papers written by the students.
4. We ordered new magazines yesterday.
5. A network is a connected system of objects or people.
6. When completed, the project was given for approval.
7. The completed project was a great success.
8. We completed our project the other day.
9. I tried to speak to him more than once, but he hasn’t replied.
10. Though boiled, the water was unsuitable for drinking.
11. A decimal number system is based on powers of 10.
12. In a computer, bits are represented by the presence or absence of electrical charges.
13. Unless otherwise stated we shall analyze only solutions in liquids.
14. The articles referred to above deal with alkali metals.
15. After the hardware is set up, the software must be configured.
Task B6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
1. He fell asleep (exhaust) by the journey.
2. She entered the dining room (accompany) by her husband and her father.
3. In the wood they sat down on a (fall) tree.
4. A snake (sleep) in the grass will bite anyone who steps upon it.
5. (Fill) his pockets with apples, the boy was about to run away when he saw the owner of the garden with a stick in his hand.
6. It was a bright Sunday morning of early summer (promise) heat.
7. When I came home, I found the table (lay).
8. (Judge) by the colour of the sun, it should be windy tomorrow.
9. (Arrive) at a big seaport, he started to look for a job.
10. He had received an urgent message (ask) him to telephone Sir Matthew.
Task B8. Find the Absolute Participle Construction and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Nobody being there, I went away.
2. It was dark, the sun having set an hour before.
3. The play being very popular, it was difficult to get tickets.
4. The UK being a constitutional monarchy, the Queen is only a formal ruler.
5. London is a great port, with many imported and exported goods passing through it.
6. The signal given, the train started.
7. The choice having been made, all other papers have been rejected.
8. The total value of the country’s exports increased by 19.4% last year, with foodstuffs and manufactured goods occupying an important part in the exports.
9. The sun having risen, they continued their way.
10. The contract is written in English and Russian, both versions being valid.
Task B9. Correct the mistakes.
1. When being tested the equipment, the engineers applied a new method.
2. Received the telegram, he hurried up to the station.
3. Being arrived in London, we went sightseeing.
4. If freeze, water becomes ice.
5. When asking, he answered all the questions.
6. Unless having discussed, the new method must not be used.
7. The discovery maked by him is of great value.
8. Ice melts when heating.
9 The proposal be unconstitutional, the committee rejected it.
10. There are ten executive departments under the US President, the heads of these departments being formed a council known as the President’s Cabinet.
Part C
Task C1. Combine two sentences into one using Participle I. Model: The equations are necessary for mathematics. They should be used in geometry as well. > Being necessary for mathematics, the equations should be used in geometry as well.1. Their concept was only philosophical. It differs from today’s one.
2. This equipment is reliable. It is often used by the experimenters.
3. That value was significantly in error. It had to be re-determined by new methods.
4. The mechanism of ionization by collision is simple in concept. It is easy to understand.
5. Explanation of these phenomena is a difficult problem. It has received a great deal of attention.
6. This formalism was so successful for classical physics that it might lead to a useful theory of particles.
7. The final method was a combination of the ideas and apparatus of several early experiments yielded good results.
Task C2. Change the sentences according to the model. Model: As these quantities had been measured with great accuracy, they were of great significance. > Having been measured with great accuracy, these quantities were of great significance.1. After the description had been simplified, it became more convenient to use.
2. As the value had been calculated correctly, it could be used by many scientists.
3. After the results had been generalized, they were reported in this scientific magazine.
4. After the results obtained had been published, they gave rise to interesting response.
5. As the experimental techniques had been refined, they could be used for this kind of investigation.
6. As the new method had been used, it made possible to study the strong interactions between particles in detail.
7. After these values had been determined experimentally, they were reported to be in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Task C3. Change the sentences according to the model. Model: When we extend such theories to higher energies, we are not obliged to include all other particles and interactions. > When extending such theories to higher energies it is necessary to include all other particles and interactions. 1. When we deal with such problems, we are not obliged to use strictly accurate values.2. When we explain physical effects, we are not obliged to take into account all the experimental results.3. When we conduct such experiments, we are obliged to choose the materials carefully.4. When we work with this substance, we should not be aware of its peculiarities.5. When we simplify the procedure of experiments, we don’t have to leave out unnecessary details.6. When we specify these values, we should not use these sets of equations.7. When we design new kinds of experiments, we don’t have to bear in mind the advantages of the previous ones.8. When we confirm theoretical predictions, we are not obliged to use the experimental results. Task C4. Change the sentences according to the model. Model: The potential difference being low, only some of the electrons can reach the anode. (if) > If the potential difference is low, only some of the electrons can reach the anode. 1. The instrument operating with high accuracy, we got satisfactory results. (as)2. The voltage being increased, more of the electrons are collected by the anode. (when)3. All the liberated electrons having reached the anode, saturation occurs. (when)4. The atom being excited to a higher level, a quantum of radiation is emitted. (if)5. The results lacking precision, we had to employ anothermethod. (as) 6. The chamber leaking, we couldn’t get vacuum. (as)7. The phenomenon demanding explanation, they began to study it thoroughly. (as)8. The results confirming the theory, they considered the theory valid. (as) Task C5. Combine two sentences into one using the Absolute Participle Construction. Model: He criticized the theory. His reasons were based on a thorough analysis of the facts. > He criticized the theory, his reasons being based on a thorough analysis of the facts. 1. Atoms are in a constant state of random movement. Their speed is tremendous.2. They performed the experiment. The results were in good agreement with the theoretic predictions.3. A review of the main properties of the effect is given. The instrumental difficulties are presented.4. They have invented a new device. Its main advantages are simplicity and low cost.5. He has created a new apparatus. Its main disadvantages are low frequency and short lifetime.6. Several theories account for the observation. One of them exhibits exceptional ingenuity.7. He performed hundreds of experiments. His results provided an explicit explanation of the phenomenon.Task C6. Translate into English using participles.
Обсуждаемый вопрос, обсуждая вопрос, обсудив вопрос, выполнив работу, выполненная работа, измеряя величины, измеренные величины, слушая лекцию, прослушав лекцию, рассматривая вопрос, рассмотрев вопрос, рассмотренный вопрос, обозначая проблему, обозначив проблему, обозначенная проблема.Task C7. Translate into English using participles.
1. Ученые, определяющие эту величину, много работают.2. Определяя эту величину, они сделали несколько ошибок.3. Величины, определяемые таким образом, обычно бывают точными.4. Величина, определенная этим ученым, используется всеми математиками.5. Величина, которая была определена, упоминалась в его статье дважды.6. Величина, которая сейчас определяется, будет использована в будущих исследованиях.7. Когда эта величина была определена, она была использована в дальнейших расчетах.8. Определив эту величину, ученые смогли вычислить некоторые другие величины.9. После того как эта величина была определена, она могла быть использована в наших исследованиях.Unit 2. Gerund
Герундием (Gerund) называется неличная форма глагола, сочетающая в себе свойства глагола и существительного.
Таблица 2
Свойства глагола и свойства существительного у герундия
| Свойства глагола | Свойства существительного |
| 1. может иметь обстоятельства: I need going there at once. Мне нужно немедленно пойти туда. | 1. может иметь притяжательное местоимение: I like his singing. Мне нравится, как он поет. |
| 2. может иметь прямое дополнение: This is a diagram of recording temperature. Это график показаний температуры. | 2. может иметь предлог: This is a device for measuring temperature. Это прибор для измерения температуры. |
| 3. может иметь активные и пассивные формы: I suggest recording the results. Я предлагаю фиксировать результаты. I need the results being recorded. Мне нужно, чтобы результаты были зафиксированы. | 3. может выполнять функции подлежащего, именной части составного сказуемого. |
| 4. может иметь перфектные формы: After having recorded the results they started analysing them. После того как результаты были зафиксированы, их начали анализировать. |
Поскольку в русском языке нет части речи, однозначно соответствующей герундию, способ его перевода зависит от функции в предложении.
Таблица 3
Функции герундия в предложении
И способы перевода на русский язык
| Функция | Способы перевода | Примеры |
| Подлежащее (Subject) | Неопределенная форма глагола или существительное | Walking is useful. Ходить пешком полезно (ходьба … полезна). |
| Часть сказуемого (Part of predicate) | Неопределенная форма глагола или существительное | Our aim is mastering English. Наша цель – овладеть (овладение) английским. |
| Дополнение (Object) | Неопределенная форма глагола или существительное | I like reading. Я люблю читать. |
| Определение (Attribute) | Неопределенная форма глагола, существительное или прилагательное | There are many ways of solving this problem. Существует много способов решить эту задачу (решения этой задачи). The working language of the conference is English. Рабочий язык конференции – английский. |
| Обстоятель-ство (Adverbial modifier), всегда с предлогом | Неопределенная форма глагола, существительное или деепричастие | She went there for studying physics. Она поехала туда изучать физику (для изучения физики). He left without saying good-bye. Он ушел, не попрощавшись. |
Таблица 4
Формы герундия
| Active | Passive | |
| Simple | Ving sending | being V3 being sent |
| Perfect | having V3 having sent | having been V3 having been sent |
Особенности перевода сложных форм герундия
1) Герундий в простых формах (Ving, being V3) обозначает действие, происходящее одновременно с действием сказуемого предложения:
He left the room without saying a word. Он вышел из комнаты, не сказав ни слова.
She has not even dreamt of being sent to Paris. Она даже и не мечтала, что ее отправят в Париж.
2) Герундий в перфектных формах (having V3, having been V3) обозначает действие, предшествующее действию сказуемого.
Victor is proud of having won the prize. Виктор гордится тем, что получил приз.
She denies having been blackmailed. Она отрицает, что ее шантажировали.
3) Герундий в активных формах (Ving, having V3) обозначает действие, субъектом которого является то же лицо, что и подлежащее предложения:
He left the room without saying a word. Он вышел из комнаты, не сказав ни слова. (Кто вышел? Он. Кто не сказал ни слова? Он.)
Victor is proud of having won the prize. Виктор гордится тем, что получил приз. (Кто гордится? Виктор. Кто получил приз? Виктор)
4) Герундий в пассивных формах (being V3, having been V3) обозначает действие, объектом которого является подлежащее
предложения.
She has not even dreamt of being sent to Paris. Она даже и не мечтала, что ее отправят в Париж. (Кто не мечтал? Она. Кто отправил? Неизвестно = Не она. Кого отправили? Ее.)
She denies having been blackmailed. Она отрицает, что ее шантажировали. (Кто отрицает? Она. Кто шантажировал? Неизвестно = Не она. Кого шантажировали? Ее.)
Сложные формы герундия используются только в письменной речи и переводятся придаточными предложениями.
После глаголов want – хотеть, need – нуждаться, require – требовать, deserve, be worth – заслуживать, используется герундий в активной форме, несмотря на пассивность значения.
Your car needs repairing. Ваша машина нуждается в ремонте.
The exhibition is worth seeing. Выставка заслуживает того, чтобы ее посмотреть.
Part A
Task A1. Translate the sentences with the gerund as a subject.
1. Packing goods for export is a highly specialized job.
2. Interrupting people is not polite.
3. Gardening is becoming more popular.
4. Reading science fiction is a fascinating pastime.
5. Walking develops leg muscles.
Task A2. Translate the sentences with the gerund as a part of the predicate.
1. His greatest pleasure was traveling.
2. Mr. Taylor’s suggestion is worth discussing.
3. The chairman kept on speaking though nobody was listening to him any longer.
4. Seeing is believing.
5. It has stopped raining, and we can go.
Task A3. Translate the sentences with the gerund as an object.
1. I am very tired of arguing with you.
2. Everybody congratulated Mr. Harter on being elected Vice-President.
3. She denies having spoken to him.
4. He didn’t succeed in taking things easily.
5. I don’t remember hearing the legend before.
6. The child deserves praising.
7. Do you mind my opening the window?
8. Everybody looked forward to her coming back.
9. You may rely on his setting matters right.
Task A4. Translate the sentences with the gerund as an attribute.
1. There are different ways of solving this problem.
2. Young people are excited at the idea of purchasing audio-visual equipment.
3. We have a plan for modernizing the factory.
4. He was in the habit of doing things thoroughly.
5. Don’t miss the opportunity of listening to this concert.
6. A laser is a device for making and concentrating light waves into an intense beam.
Task A5. Translate the sentences with the gerund as an adverbial modifier.
1. It was planned to put the plant into operation 3 years after signing the contract.
2. Before reaching a final decision, the market research group is to collect some information.
3. Without waiting for our answer, he turned and left us.
4. On seeing Sofia, he stopped to talk to her.
5. In spite of being busy, he did all he could to help you.
6. He left without saying good-bye.
7. He gave a few examples instead of explaining the rule.
Task A6. Define the function of the gerund and translate into Russian.
1. We won’t achieve anything by arguing.
2. Miss Parker dreams of being an actress.
3. Mrs. Hilton dreams of her husband becoming a lawyer.
4. Emily got used to speaking before a big audience.
5. We gave up all hope of seeing him again.
6. The ceremony of changing the guard at Buckingham Palace attracts a lot of tourists.
7. Instead of buying a house, he went on a sightseeing tour abroad.
8. We understood his desire of making a success of his undertaking.
9. Walking fast doesn’t burn quite as many calories as running slowly.
10. Such people are not worth speaking about.
11. At hearing his name, he turned round.
Task A7. Translate into Russian.
1. Measuring resistance is necessary in many experiments.
2. Go on demonstrating your slides.
3. In solving problems it is necessary to distinguish between fact and hypothesis.
4. The droplets are capable of being photographed.
5. Falling is a case of motion at constant acceleration.
6. Avoid mixing these two substances.
7. Heating copper wire from 0 to 100° increases its resistance about 40 %.
8. Metals cannot be dissolved without being changed into new substances.
9. It’s no use searching for another approach.
10. Calcium and sodium are alike in being very soft.
11. Upon being heated to a high temperature many metallic compounds are decomposed.
12. Sulphur is hardened by being mixed with copper.
Part B
Task B1. Make sentences according to the model.
Model: insist on … discuss the problem. > You can insist on discussing the problem.
1. stop … watch the experiment.
2. consider … determine the initial conditions of the experiment.
3. go on … test the device.
4. insist on … heat the substance.
5. enjoy … examine the result of the observation.
6. keep on … use a diode in your experiment.
7. avoid … initiate a discharge.
8. finish … count the particles.
Task B2. Complete the sentences according to the model.
Model: What is your idea of... (to solve the problem) > What is your idea of solving the problem?
1. He avoids... (to work with these materials).
2. We intend... (to study the new phenomenon thoroughly).
3. He thinks of... (to develop the theory).
4. He insists on... (to transmit the information by radio).
5. He is interested in... (to discuss such problems).
6. There were several reasons for... (to do that).
7. She has no experience in... (to carry out such experiments).
8. We take every opportunity of... (to go to this scientist’s lectures).
9. His task consists in... (to provide the necessary materials for the experiment).
Task B3. Change the sentences according to the model.
Model: It is not difficult to observe these phenomena in nature. > Observing these phenomena in nature is not difficult.
1. It is necessary to study the problem thoroughly.
2. It is necessary to confirm these predictions.
3. It is necessary lo distinguish between these two processes.
4. It is easy to demonstrate the truth of this hypothesis.
5. It is sometimes impossible to obtain direct evidence for a theory.
6. It is important to consider the average density of this substance.
7. It is possible to observe the phenomenon in the laboratory.
Task B4. Complete each sentence with gerunds formed from the following verbs.
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