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И. В. АРНОЛЬД
Лексикология
современного
английского
языка
Издание третье,
переработанное
и дополненное
Допущено
Министерством высшего и среднего специального
образования СССР в качестве учебника для студентов институтов и факультетов иностранных языков
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Москва «Высшая школа» 1986
ББК 81.2 Англ-923 А 84
Рецензент:
кафедра английской филологии Оренбургского государственного педагогического института им. В. П. Чкалова (зав. кафедрой д-р филол. наук Н. А. Шехтман)
Арнольд И. В.
А 84 Лексикология современного английского языка: Учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Высш. шк., 1986. — 295 с., ил. — На англ. яз.
Учебник посвящен слову как основной единице языка, его семантической и морфологической структуре, особенностям английского словообразования и фразеологии. Английская лексика рассматривается как непрерывно развивающаяся система.
В 3-м издании (2-е—1973 г.) обновлен теоретический и иллюстративный материал, расширены главы, посвященные теории слова и семасиологии.
А 4602010000—443 ББК 81.2 Англ-923
001(01)—86 215-86 4И (Англ)
Издательство «Высшая школа», 1973
Издательство «Высшая школа», 1986, с изменениями
CONTENTS
Preface................................................................................................................................... 6
Abbreviations....................................................................................................................... 8
Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 1. Fundamentals........................................................................................ 9
§ 1.1 The Object of Lexicology........................................................................... 9
§ 1.2 The Theoretical and Practical Value of English Lexicology.... 12
§ 1.3 The Connection of Lexicology with Phonetics, Stylistics, Grammar
and Other Branches of Linguistics............................................................ 14
§ 1.4 Types of Lexical Units................................................................................ 18
§ 1.5 The Notion of Lexical System................................................................... 21
§ 1.6 The Theory of Oppositions......................................................................... 25
Part One THE ENGLISH WORD AS A STRUCTURE
Chapter 2. Characteristics of the Word as the Basic Unit of Language... 27
§ 2.1 The Definition of the Word................................................................................. 27
§ 2.2 Semantic Triangle........................................................................................ 31
§ 2.3 Phonetic, Morphological and Semantic Motivation of Words.... 33
Chapter 3. Lexical Meaning and Semantic Structure of English Words... 37
§ 3.1 Definitions............................................................................................................... 37
§ 3.2 The Lexical Meaning Versus Notion................................................................. 42
§ 3.3 Denotative and Connotative Meaning............................................................. 47
§ 3.4 The Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words............................................. 50
§ 3.5 Contextual Analysis.................................................................................... 56
§ 3.6 Componential Analysis.............................................................................. 57
Chapter 4. Semantic Change........................................................................................... 60
§ 4.1 Types of Semantic Change........................................................................ 60
§ 4.2 Linguistic Causes of Semantic Change............................................................. 71
§ 4.3 Extralinguistic Causes of Semantic Change..................................................... 73
Chapter 5. Morphological Structure of English Words. Affixation.................. 77
§ 5.1 Morphemes. Free and Bound Forms. Morphological Classification of
Words. Word-Families................................................................................. 77
§ 5.2 Aims and Principles of Morphemic and Word-Formation Analysis.. 81
§ 5.3 Analysis into Immediate Constituents...................................................... 83
§ 5.4 Derivational and Functional Affixes......................................................... 87
§ 5.5 The Valency of Affixes and Stems. Word-Building Patterns and Their
Meaning......................................................................................................... 90
§ 5.6 Classification of Affixes............................................................................. 96
§ 5.7 Allomorphs........................................................................................................... 101
§ 5.8 Boundary Cases Between Derivation, Inflection and Composition.. 102
§ 5.9 Combining Forms......................................................................................... 104
§ 5.10 Hybrids......................................................................................................... 106
Chapter 6. Compound Words................................................................................. 108
§ 6.1 Definitions and Introductory Remarks.......................................................... 108
§ 6.2.1 The Criteria of Compounds..................................................................... 112
§ 6.2.2 Semi-Affixes............................................................................................... 116
§ 6.2.3 “The Stone Wall Problem"....................................................................... 118
§ 6.2.4 Verbal Collocations of the Give Up Type............................................. 120
§ 6.3 Specific Features of English Compounds....................................................... 121
§ 6.4.1 Classification of Compounds........................................................................ 122
§ 6.4.2 Compound Nouns........................................................................................... 123
§ 6.4.3 Compound Adjectives.................................................................................... 125
§ 6.4.4 Compound Verbs............................................................................................ 126
§ 6.5 Derivational Compounds.................................................................................. 127
§ 6.6 Reduplication and Miscellanea of Composition........................................... 129
§ 6.6.1 Reduplicative Compounds............................................................................ 129
§ 6.6.2 Ablaut Combinations............................................................................... 130
§ 6.6.3 Rhyme Combinations..................................................................................... 130
§ 6.7 Pseudo Compounds...................................................................................... 131
§ 6.8 The Historical Development of English Compounds................................... 131
§ 6.9 New Word-Forming Patterns in Composition.......................................... 133
Chapter 7. Shortened Words and Minor Types of Lexical Oppositions.............. 134
§ 7.1 Shortening of Spoken Words and Its Causes........................................... 134
§ 7.2 Blending.......................................................................................................... 141
§ 7.3 Graphical Abbreviations. Acronyms.......................................................... 142
§ 7.4 Minor Types of Lexical Oppositions. Sound Interchange..................... 145
§ 7.5 Distinctive Stress.................................................................................................. 147
§ 7.6 Sound Imitation................................................................................................... 148
§ 7.7 Back-Formation................................................................................................... 150
Chapter 8. Conversion and Similar Phenomena......................................................... 153
§ 8.1 Introductory Remarks........................................................................................ 153
§ 8.2 The Historical Development of Conversion............................................. 155
§ 8.3 Conversion in Present-Day English............................................................ 156
§ 8.4 Semantic Relationships in Conversion...................................................... 158
§ 8.5 Substantivation.............................................................................................. 161
§ 8.6 Conversion in Different Parts of Speech................................................... 162
§ 8.7 Conversion and Other Types of Word-Formation.................................. 163
Chapter 9. Set Expressions.............................................................................................. 165
§ 9.1 Introductory Remarks. Definitions............................................................ 165
§ 9.2 Set Expressions, Semi-Fixed Combinations and Free Phrases.... 166
Changeable and Unchangeable Set Expressions................................... 166
§ 9.3 Classification of Set Expressions...................................................................... 169
§ 9.4 Similarity and Difference between a Set Expression and a Word. 174
§ 9.5 Features Enhancing Unity and Stability of Set Expressions.... 177
§ 9.6 Proverbs, Sayings, Familiar Quotations and Clichés.............................. 179
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