Kazakhstan under the power of the Russian empire and struggle of Kazakhs against it.

The objective of the lecture: to show the Russian policy in Kazakhstan, liquidation of the Khan’s power and resistance of the Kazakhs to this policy. Uprisings of Srym Datov, Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov, Kenesary Kassymov.

Outline of the lectures:

1. Srym Datov’s uprising (1783-1797)

2. Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov’s uprising (1836-1838)

3. Kenessary Kassymov’s uprising (1837-1847).

Srym Datov’s uprising (1783-1797). Reasons: usurpation of rich pastures by Russian Empire.

The main forces of uprising: kazakh sharua. All clans of Junior juz participated in uprising: Shekty, Tortkara, Shomekey, Kete, Alash, Serkesh, Baibakty, Bersh, Tabyn and others.

The main aim: return lands, which were captured by Russian government.

Uprising was leaded by Syrym Datov – chief of Baibakty clan. The struggle against Russia began in 1783. Syrym Datov was prisoned and was released in 1784. The first great battle was on june 1784 in upper Jaik near the Orsk. More than 1000 rebels had S.Datov in 1784.

In spring of 1785 Syrym began new attacks. Russian government sent kossak detachments of Kolpakov and Ponamarev. At that time Syrym had 2700 rebels. S.Datov attacked Sakharnaya fortress and Antonovskaya forpost. At that time the main battles were along Ural line. In summer of 1785 the counsil of elders disclaimed Nur Ali as their khan. He was exiled in Ufa and died in 1790.

90-s of XVIIIc. – second stage of uprising. On august of 1790 ataman Donskov plundered the great number of auls. The situation aggravated in 1971, when Sultan Yeraly was elected as a khan of Junior juz. On September 1792 S.Datov launched an unsuccessful attack against the town Iletsk, after which his resistance became more partisan-like. In 1794 khan Yeraly died and Esim son of Nuraly declared himself the rightful khan.

On March 1797 S.Datov counted wiht an attack on Esim’s aul and this time killed the khan. After death of Esim, Igelstrom (general-governor of Orenburg) arrived to kazakh steppe for electing counsil of elders. Sultan Aishuak son of Abulkhair was elected a chief of this counsil, and the same year he was elected a khan of Junior juz. Khan Aishuak was never an effective ruler. He had been chosen by the Russians and had no real support among the Kazakhs themselves. The favored candidate of the sultans was Karatai Nurali uly, an illegitimate son of Nur Ali whom the Russians rejected because of his illegitimacy and, more important, his close association with Syrym.

The threat of Syrym Batyr, soon faded. He fled to Khiva at the end of 1797, where he continued for the next year or two to launch raids against the cossaks and the Bashkirs of the Inner Side. He was killed in 1802.

Inner (Bukey) Horde sharua’s uprising (1836-1838)

In 1801 according Ukaz of Russian tzar Paul I was founded Bukey Horde, which existed till 1845. In 1827 was formed “Khan council”, which consist of 12 biis. 12 elders controlled taxes and taxation.

Reasons of uprising:

1. Increasing taxes for roaming.

2. Building Rusian fortresses near the Bukey Horde and cessation of roaming to traditional pastures.

3. Declaration of Babadja-uly (son in law of Jangir khan) a ruler of Kazakh clans, lived in Caspian region.

The main aim of uprising:

1. Limiting khan’s power.

2. Changing Russian government colonial policy.

3. Improving the position of sharua.

Uprising was divided into three stages:

1. 1833-1836 – forming the main reasons of uprising.

2. 1837 – developing of uprising, battles with Russian and khan’s troops.

3. December 1837 – July 1838 – weaking and defeat of uprising.

The main moving forces of uprising – Kazakh sharua, some elders and biis.

The leaders of uprising were Isatai Taimanov and Makhambet Utemisov. Isata Taimanov an elder of Bersh clan and a member of the black bone. Isatai had long struggled against the khan of the Inner Horde, for which he had been arrested in 1817 and 1823. He and his aide and chronicler, akyn Makhambet Utemisov organized opposition among their own Bersh clan and then picked up support from the other clans of the Horde.

In October 1836 20 auls joined to Isatai. In Oct.24 1837 Isatai surrounded the Khan’s Headquarter. In November 9 1837 khan’s troops and troops of colonelGeke met near the Tastobe, where Isatai’s army was defeated. Finally in July 12 1838 was battle in Akbulak. Strengthened detachment of Russian soldiers and Ural cossaks was sent in that broke up the resistance (at this time about 2000 fighters). Isatai was killed.

Although the uprising was crushed, Russian authorities were reluctant to continue their support of the khan in the Inner Horde. In 1840-1841 a temporary commission considered abolishing the dignity of Khan in the Inner Horde, but resolved to continue it only until the end of Jangir’s rule. Upon his death in 1845 the dignity of Khan was replaced by provisional council.

Kenesary Qasymov’s uprising (1837-1847)

The greatest challenge to Russian authority was the revolt of Kenesary Qasymov in the Middle Horde. Kenesary was born in 1802 in Kokchetav region (grandson of Ablay). He believed that only he could unite the Kazakh people to withstand the twofold threat they faced:

1) The struggle against absorption by the Russians.

2) Defeat at the hand of the Kokand and Khiva.

The main aim: to restore the khanate of the Middle Horde.

The uprising was spreaded all over the Kazakhstan. More than 80 sultans, biis and elders supported Kenesary. On November 1837 Kenesary attackted Aktau and Akmolinsk fortresses. In summer and autumn of 1838 all Middle Horde and part of Junior Horde was occupied by Kenesary. He had over 20,000 fighters under his command.

In august 1841 Kenesary launched campaign to Tashkent. Rebells besieged Sozak, Zhanakorgan, Zhulek and Akmeshet – the Kokand fortresses.

In 1838 Kenesary sent five lieutenants with a letter of protest to Prince Gorchakov, Governor-General of West Siberia:

1) Rule of Kazakhs shoud be return to the Kazakhs themselves.

2) The institutino of the khan should be restored.

He maintained that the new political administration was corrupt. The Russians turned down Kenesary’s request and redoubled their efforts to defeat him. Since he destroyed Russian trade not only in Middle Horde but all territory of Kazakhstan. It has been estimated that Kenesary’s revolt cost Russians 8 mln. Rubles in lost trade for 1838 alone.

Furthermore, as the grandson of Ablai, Kenesary had stature throughout the steppe, not just within the Middle Horde. The situation within the Small Horde remained tenuous. Orenburg feared that the continued succes of Kenesary’s movement could impril the stability of Russian rule there. These fears were strengthened when Kenesary sought and received sanctuary from Small the Small Horde in 1838. He remained in the territory of the Orenburg for nearly two years and was granted amnesty by the Russians on the condition that he leave the territoty of the Small Horde.

Soon after returning to the Middle Horde the next four years (1840-1844) were directed against Russian settlements in Irgiz and Turgai regions on lands that were traditionally used to graze the Kazakh livestock. But the goal of his movement remained the same: to restore the Khanate of the Middle Horde.

The administrative system of Kenesary;s Khanate.

1) Kenesary was the effective ruler of the most of the Middle Horde with the aid of consil of tribal elders and leading batyrs. His chief aide was his brother Sultan Nairibai.

2) Kenesary supported his rebellion throught direct taxation and by exacting payment from all caravans passing through his territory.

3) Kenesari’s rule was based on law. He attemted to devise a code, which was based on Tauke’s Zhety-Zhargy with modifications from Shariat Law.

The Russians viewed the existance of a rival authority as intolerable. Finally, in 1844, the dispatched troops to the Middle Horde territory to defeat Kenesary. Kenesary left the Russiuan-controlled territory of the Middle Horde. He joined Jan-Khozha Nur Mukhammed uly in letter’s struggle to liberate the Kirgiz from the rule of Kokand. Kenesary died in battle in Kirgizian in 1847. Following the defeat of Kenesary, the Russians strengthened their military presence in the territory of the Middle Horde and increased the number of Russin settlements throughout the steppe.

The historical significance. It was the greatest uprising against colonial policy of Russia and was spread all over three juzes.

Glossary

Twofold	двойной	Екі есе
Besiege	осаждать	Тойтарыс беру
Tenuous	очень тонкий, хрупкий	Сынғыш, жұқа
Resumed	получать обратно	Қайта алу
Reluctant	неохотный	Зауқсыздық
Reject	отклонять, отвергать	Қабалдамау
Withstand	выдержать	шыдау
Absorption	поглощение	Сіңіру,жұту
Sanctuary	убежище	баспана
Disclaim	отрекаться, отказываться	Безу, қайту
Illegitimate	незаконнорожденный	Некесіз туған
Intolerable	невыносимый, нетерпимый	Төзуге болмайтын
Imperil	Подвергать опасности	Қауіп қатерге тап болу

Tasks for IWS: Make up a table: “Uprisings in the XVIII-XIXcc.”

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Leaders of national-liberation movements of the XIX c.”

Home tasks: Write a short essay: “Colonial policy of the Russian government in Kazakhstan.”

List of reference of the theme:

1. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. Алматы: Дауир, 1993, с.201-223.

2. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб.пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000, с.108-122

Lecture 15

Administrative reforms in Kazakhstan in the XIX c.

The objective of the lecture: To show peculiarities of administrative reform of the20-s and 60-s of XIX c. Reasons of national-liberation movements in 60-70-s of the XIX c.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Administrative reforms of 20-s of the XIX c.

2. Administrative reforms in Kazakhstan in 1867-1868.

3. Uprising of Turgai and Uralsk oblsts.

4. Mangstau’s uprising (1870).

1. The main aim of administrative reforms – liquidation traditional kazakh political system, changing of administrative, legislative and territorial management of Kazakhstan.

Reforms were began in Middle juz. After death of Abylay, his son Vali was declared as a khan of Middle juz in 1781. In 1815 Bukey was declared as a second khan of Middle juz. After their death (Bukey died in 1817, Vali in 1819) new Khan wasn’t declared.

On June 22, 1822 the “Rules on the Siberian Kirghiz” came into effect. This legislation, which applied only the Kazakhs of the Middle Horde, was the product of the eminent Russian statesmen, Michael M.Speransky – general-governor of Siberia. The new reforms divided the eastern portion of the Kazakh territory into territorial units, each with its own administration.

1. The smallest administrative unit was the clan or aul which consists of 50-70 carts (approximately 15 families) and was headed by an elder chozen by the community.

2. Volost, which was consist of 10-12 auls and be administrated by a sultan or member of the aristocracy chosen by the elders.

3. Okrug, which was consist of 15-20 volosts. Each okrug administrated by prikaz.

Okrugs of kazakhs of Middle juz was a part of “Oblast of Siberian kirgizes” and divided into internal and external okrugs. External okrugs: Karkaralinskyi, Kokchetavskyi (1824), Bayanaulskyi (1826), Ajaguzskyi (1831), Akmolinskyi (1832), Uch-Bulakskyi (1833), Aman-Karagaiskyi (1832). In 40-50-s –Kokpektinskyi, Kushmurunskyi, Alatauskyi.

Okrug leaded by elder sultan, who elected by sutans for 3 years.

Reform in Junior juz. “Rulers on Orenburg Kirghiz” was proclaimed in 1824 and producted by P.Essen. Khan of Junior juz Shirgazy was requested by Russians to go to Orenburg. There were formed three-tiered system consisting of: aul, clan, regional administration. Junior juz was divided into 3 parts: Eastern, Central and Western.

1.Western region – included all Kazakh lands west of Ilek river and east of Aral sea – leaded by Karatai Nur Ali uly.

2.Central region – included east to the upper course of the Toguzak and Tobol rivers – leaded by Temir Er Ali uly.

3.Eastern region – included junction of the Kala and Syr Darya rivers and the border with Bukhara – leaded by Juma Kudai Meni uly, a nephew of Qaip.

In 1831 each territorial subsection of the Small Horde was divided into distansii, or range districts – 8 in the western, 20 in the central, and 28 in the eastern regions. Subdivisions of the steppe continued until, by the mid-nineteenth century, there were 54 such divisions, the commanders of which were chosen by local population and approved by Orenburg.

Khan’s power was preserved only in Inner or Bukey Horde till 1845 (between Jaik and Volga).

2. The Provisional Statute on the Administration of the Semirechey and Syrdarya Oblast, July 11,1867, and the Provisional Statute on the Administration of Turgai, Akmolinsk, Uralsk, and Semipalatinsk Oblasts, October 21, 1868 were declared.

All territory of Kazakhstan was divided into three General-governors. The 1867 and 1868 legislation divided the Kazakh Steppe into six oblasts, each headed by military governor. The Kazakh oblasts in Turkestan – Syrdarya and Semirechey – were under the jurisdiction of the governor-general of Turkestan. Until 1891 there was no general-governor of the steppe, Uralsk and Turgai were under Orenburg governor-general and Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk were administrated by the governor-general of Western Siberia.

The oblast military governors were the commanders of the troops stationed within each territory. Each oblast was divided into uezd headed by Russian officers who were assisted by local Kazakhs, usually drawn from the aristocracy. The uezd were divided into volosts and volosts into administrative auls, with these authorities elected from the Kazakh population. The volost and auls were formed on a territorial principle.

Each volost consisted of one or two thousand households, each administrative aul of one or two hundred families.

Each volost and uezd was have a native court and a Russian criminal court, in which the the judges of the former would be elected and those of the latter appointed.

The cost of this administrative apparatus was to be met by Kazakhs themselves, for which the one ruble seventy-five kopek cart tax was raised to three rubles in four nothern oblasts, and two rubles seventy-five kopeks in Turkestan.

The Kazakhs were also subjected to local (zemskii) taxation to maintain post roads, prisons, and schools, as well as to any traditional or religious taxes.

The new administration also regulated the religious authorities under the jurisdiction of the ministry of interior. The Kazakhs were limited to one mullah per volost. The volost officials were the only ones with the authority to permit the construction of the either mosques or religios schools. Once built, these structure were under the jurisdiction of the Orenburg muftiate, a subsidiary of the ministry of the interior. This was designed to reduce the growing influence of Islam in Kazakhstan.

The Steppe Commision had recommended that the Russians not intervene directly in the religious affairs of the Central Asians, but rather should restrict the spread of Islam. General Kaufman, the first governor-general of Turkestan, was strongly against Christian missionary activities in the steppe.

Although Muslim clergy in the sedentary regions lost power under the new law, the Muslims of Turkestan were able to continue their missionary activities among the Kazakhs of Semirechey and Syrdarya. The Orenburg muftiate also engaged in the active of Islam by funding the construction of legal and iilegal schools and mosques throughout the northern part of the steppe.

3. Uprising of Turgai and Uralsk oblsts. News of the Provisional Statutes aroused a strong burst of anti-Russian feelings among the Kazakhs. Uprisings broke out among the Middle Horde, the Small Horde, and Adayev Kazakhs of the Mangyshlak Peninsula.

In 1869 resistance overtook all the Uralsk oblast and western and southern parts of Turgai oblast. A majority of the fighters were the poor Kazakhs, who were most directly threatened by the tax increase, but they were led by the biis and elders, whose power base was threatened by administrative reform.

An expeditionary force of 5.300 men and 20 guns was sent in June 1869 under the command of general V.A.Verevkin, the military-governor of Uralsk, the Russian fortresses in steppe. Some 71.000 carts had been killed by Russian troops. Fighters were arrested and sentenced to death, and many Kazakhs were sentenced to terms of between 12 and 15 years.

4. Mangstau’s uprising (1870). People, who lived in the desert and semidesert regions of the Mangyshlak Peninsula, were to be subjected to the provisional statute January 1870. The tribes of the region (Adayev Kazakhs and Turkmen) had existed as buffer zone between Russia and Khiva. In 1846 the Russians had strengthened their military presence in Mangyshlak.

In the 1850-s the Russians had been forced to send troops to collect the required taxation. Statutes effectively cut these tribes off from their traditional summer pasturage along the Emba. Troops from Orenburg and the Caucasus seized roads and wells, and the Kazakhs who refused to accept the legislation in order to deny water for their animals.

The new legislation required the Adayev Kazakhs to pay one-rubles zemski tax in addition to the three rubles 15 kop cart tax, that they were already paying Adayev had no currency, they were far from the Russian markets and had little to trade.

In June 1870 General Komarov moved to Mangyshlak. In December general Komarov organized a meeting with the representatives of each of the major clans. Those communities that paid their tax peacefully to cross into Uralsk and Turgai and so travel to their traditional pasturage.

For the next 2,5 years Russian troops lived among the Adayev to enforce order. These troops participated in the Russian campaign against Khiva in 1873. The conquest of Khiva was completed by the spring of 1874. The Adayev resistance was defeated for the final time. The region was organized as Transcaspian oblast and placed under the direction of the general-governor of Caucasian. The Adayev were again cut off from their summer pasturage.

Glossary

Clan	род	Ру
Require	требовать	Талап ету
Well	колодец	Құдық
Clergy	духовенство	Діни қауым
Provisional	временный	Уақытша

Tasks for IWS: Make up a table: “Differences between administrative reforms 1822-1824 and 1867-1868.”

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “Leaders of national-liberation movements in 60-70-s of the XIX c.”

Home tasks: Write a short essay: “Political situation in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX c.”

List of reference of the theme:

1. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. Алматы: Дауир, 1993, с.186-194.

2. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб.пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000, с.100-107

Lecture 16

The completion of the subjugation of Great Horde.

The objective of the lecture: To show peculiarities of the subjugation of Great Horde and consequences of it.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Kokand moving to the Great Horde.

2. Subjugation of Great Horde by Russian empire.

Russia was not only the state interested in gaining control of the Kazakh Steppe. Khan Omar of Kokand (reigned 1809-1922) led an expansionist policy toward the Kazakhs. After the conquest of Tashkent the armies of Kokand moved to Turkestan, than crossed over to the right bank of the Syr Darya.

Many of the sultans of the Great Horde supported Kokand because Khan Omar permitted them to collect their customary taxes from the Kazakhs in return for collecting the za’akat and ushur in Omar’s name. In 1821 a group of some 12000 Kazakhs from Turkestan, Chimkent, Sairam and Aulie-Ata regions led by Tentek Tore, revolted against the Khan of Kokand, but were defeated by Omar.

In the 1830-s and 1840-s there were periodic skirmishes between Kazakhs and troops of the Khan of Kokand, and in 1858, after an increase in taxation was announced, Kazakhs attacked Kokand’s fortresses at Tokmak and Aulie-Ata and spreaded from Shymkent to Pishpek – one of the great uprising of the middle of XIX c.

On December 20, 1863, Tsar Alexander II signed ukase ordering to attack Kokand during 1864. Preparations for the attack were completed in May and two separated armies were dispatched:

1.Colonel Verevkin left Perovsk with some 1500 men and marched toward Turkestan.

2. Colonel Chernaiev was sent from western Siberia to Turkestan with about 2500 men and 22 guns.

On June 4, 1864 the combined armies took possession of Aulie-Ata and on June 9 began a successful three-day siege against Turkestan. After fall of that city they attempted to take Chimkent but failed until September 21, after an additional Russia attachment had been sent.

In 1865 the oblast of Turkestan was formed under the administration of a military governor. Chernaiev was appointed to the post. On June 9, 1865 Chernaiev invaded to Tashkent, and after 3-days he conquered this town – the great political and economic center of Turkestan.

Brief military campaigns were subsequently launched against Khiva and Bukhara in 1873 and both this khanates became Russian protectorates. The power of the khan of Kokand was broken and the city of Kokand surrendered to Russians in 1876.

So, after defeat of Kokand, Bukhara and Khiva, Kazakhs of the Great Horde were subjugated by Russian empire.

2. In the 1730-s, when the Khans of the Small and Middle Hordes joined to Russia, one part of the Great Hordes joined to Russia too. The majority of the Great Horde remained under the control of the Joungar state. After defeating Joungaria in 1756 one group migrated to Joungaria, another remained in Tashkent. A third group camped in the eastern Semirechye region, and quickly established their independence from China.

By the first part of the XIX c. this third group ruled by Sultan Suiuk (son of Ablay), found itself forced to choose between two powerful, expansionist states, Russia and Kokand. Suiuk decided that rule by Kokand was the greater evil and so in 1819 swore his loyalty to Russia. This fought an additional 66000 Kazakhs (of Zhalair tribe) under Russian rule.

In 1820 the Governor-general of western Siberia sent a military detachment of 120 cossaks to the territory of the Great Horde to secure the trade routes and to gain Russian control over the area without force. In 1824 an additional 50000 Kazakhs accepted Russian administration. The population was ruled in accordance with 1822 reforms but was released from yassak (animal tribute).

In 1847 the Russians consolidated their hold over the Kopalsk region when all of the Kazaks migrating between Lepsi and Ili rivers, an additional 40000 families, accepted Russian administration. This resulted in the formation of Council on January 10,1848, to administrate the Great Horde.

In the 1820-s and 1830-s the Russian authorities at Orenburg and Omsk sent several military missions to expose the steppe. One the results of these missions was the illfated campaign against Khiva in 1839, led by Governor-General V.A.Perovskii of Orenburg. Perovskii expedition lost 1,000 men and most of its trasport. In 1847 Perovskii begun an ambitious project to build two fortified lines: 1. Novoaleksandrovsk – from north-east corner of the Aral sea for 300 miles along the Syr-Darya.

2. From Semipalatinsk to south.

The construction of these two lines began with the building of a fort at Raim (Aralsk) and Kopalsk (in the region north of the Ili River) and ended six years later with the construction of Kazalinsk in 1853 and founding of Verny (south of the Ili river) in 1854.

After this the Russians began their campaign against Kokand, taking the fort at Ak-Mechet, which they renamed Perovsk (later Kzyl-Orda).

Glossary

Skirmish	Стычка, перестрелка	қақтығыс
Release	освобождать	босату
Ill fate	злополучный	Қырсық,сәтсіз

Tasks for IWS: Analyze “Policy of Kokand and Russian governments in the Great Horde”.

Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “National-liberation movements in 60-70-s of the XIX c. against Kokand.”

Home tasks: Write a short essay: “Political situation in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX c.”.

List of reference of the theme:

1. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. Алматы: Дауир, 1993, с.175-185.

2. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб.пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000, с.105-107

Lecture 17

Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX c.

The objective of the lecture: Students should know economic and political development of Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIXc., and national uprisings as consequences of the Russian colonial policy.

Outline of the lecture:

1. Administrative reforms in Kazakhstan in 1867-1868.

2. Liberation movement of Kazakh sharua in 60-70-s of XIX c.

1. The Provisional Statute on the Administration of the Semirechey and Syrdarya Oblast, July 11,1867, and the Provisional Statute on the Administration of Turgai, Akmolinsk, Uralsk, and Semipalatinsk Oblasts, October 21, 1868 were declared.

All territory of Kazakhstan was divided into three General-governors. The 1867 and 1868 legislation divided the Kazakh Steppe into six oblasts, each headed by military governor. The Kazakh oblasts in Turkestan – Syrdarya and Semirechey – were under the jurisdiction of the governor-general of Turkestan. Until 1891 there was no general-governor of the steppe, Uralsk and Turgai were under Orenburg governor-general and Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk were administrated by the governor-general of Western Siberia.

The oblast military governors were the commanders of the troops stationed within each territory. Each oblast was divided into uezd headed by Russian officers who were assisted by local Kazakhs, usually drawn from the aristocracy. The uezd were divided into volosts and volosts into administrative auls, with these authorities elected from the Kazakh population. The volost and auls were formed on a territorial principle.

Each volost consisted of one or two thousand households, each administrative aul of one or two hundred families.

Each volost and uezd was have a native court and a Russian criminal court, in which the the judges of the former would be elected and those of the latter appointed.

The cost of this administrative apparatus was to be met by Kazakhs themselves, for which the one ruble seventy-five kopek cart tax was raised to three rubles in four nothern oblasts, and two rubles seventy-five kopeks in Turkestan.

The Kazakhs were also subjected to local (zemskii) taxation to maintain post roads, prisons, and schools, as well as to any traditional or religious taxes.

The new administration also regulated the religious authorities under the jurisdiction of the ministry of interior. The Kazakhs were limited to one mullah per volost. The volost officials were the only ones with the authority to permit the construction of the either mosques or religios schools. Once built, these structure were under the jurisdiction of the Orenburg muftiate, a subsidiary of the ministry of the interior. This was designed to reduce the growing influence of Islam in Kazakhstan.

The Steppe Commision had recommended that the Russians not intervene directly in the religious affairs of the Central Asians, but rather should restrict the spread of Islam. General Kaufman, the first governor-general of Turkestan, was strongly against Christian missionary activities in the steppe.

Although Muslim clergy in the sedentary regions lost power under the new law, the Muslims of Turkestan were able to continue their missionary activities among the Kazakhs of Semirechey and Syrdarya. The Orenburg muftiate also engaged in the active of Islam by funding the construction of legal and iilegal schools and mosques throughout the northern part of the steppe.

2. News of the Provisional Statutes aroused a strong burst of anti-Russian feelings among the Kazakhs. Uprisings broke out among the Middle Horde, the Small Horde, and Adayev Kazakhs of the Mangyshlak Peninsula.

Uprising of Turgai and Uralsk oblsts.

In 1869 resistance overtook all the Uralsk oblast and western and southern parts of Turgai oblast. A majority of the fighters were the poor Kazakhs, who were most directly threatened by the tax increase, but they were led by the biis and elders, whose power base was threatened by administrative reform.

An expeditionary force of 5.300 men and 20 guns was sent in June 1869 under the command of general V.A.Verevkin, the military-governor of Uralsk, the Russian fortresses in steppe. Some 71.000 carts had been killed by Russian troops. Fighters were arrested and sentenced to death, and many Kazakhs were sentenced to terms of between 12 and 15 years.

Mangstau’s uprising (1870). People, who lived in the desert and semidesert regions of the Mangyshlak Peninsula, were to be subjected to the provisional statute January 1870. The tribes of the region (Adayev Kazakhs and Turkmen) had existed as buffer zone between Russia and Khiva. In 1846 the Russians had strengthened their military presence in Mangyshlak.

In the 1850-s the Russians had been forced to send troops to collect the required taxation. Statutes effectively cut these tribes off from their traditional summer pasturage along the Emba. Troops from Orenburg and the Caucasus seized roads and wells, and the Kazakhs who refused to accept the legislation in order to deny water for their animals.

The new legislation required the Adayev Kazakhs to pay one-rubles zemski tax in addition to the three rubles 15 kop cart tax, that they were already paying Adayev had no currency, they were far from the Russian markets and had little to trade.

In June 1870 General Komarov moved to Mangyshlak. In December general Komarov organized a meeting with the representatives of each of the major clans. Those communities that paid their tax peacefully to cross into Uralsk and Turgai and so travel to their traditional pasturage.

For the next 2,5 years Russian troops lived among the Adayev to enforce order. These troops participated in the Russian campaign against Khiva in 1873. The conquest of Khiva was completed by the spring of 1874. The Adayev resistance was defeated for the final time. The region was organized as Transcaspian oblast and placed under the direction of the general-governor of Caucasia. The Adayev were again cut off from their summer pasturage.

Glossary

Clan	род
Require	требовать
Community	общество
Aspiration	стремление, желание
Worsening	ухудшение
Skirmish	Стычка, перестрелка
Release	освобождать
Ill fate	злополучный

1. Tasks for IWS: Analyze “Policy of Russian government in Kazakhstan after abolition of the serfdom”.

2. Task for IWS under a teacher’s control: Write a short report: “National-liberation movements in 60-70-s of the XIX c. against Kokand.”

3. Home tasks: Write a short essay: “Political situation in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX c.”

List of the reference on the theme

1. Асфендияров С.Д. История Казахстана (с древних времен): Уч.Пособие / Под ред. А.С.Такенова. – Алма-Ата, 1993. – 2-е изд.

2. История Казахстана с древнейших времен до наших дней. Очерк. – Алматы: Дэуир, 1993.

3. История Казахстана: Пособие для студентов. – Алматы: Казинтерграф, 1998.

4. Кан Г.В. История Казахстана: Учеб. Пособие. – Алматы: ВШП Эдилет, 2000.

Оразбаева А.И. Курс лекций по истории Казахстана для студентов неисторических факультетов. Часть 1. Древняя и средневековая история Казахстана. – Алматы: Казак университетi, 2001

Lecture 18

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