Страдательный залог - Passive Voice

	am, is, are
	was, were,
Be	will be,	Past Participle
	have been,
	has been

В страдательном (пассивном) залоге время определяется глаголом be.

Причастие прошедшего времени не изменяется никогда.

The room	is (Present Simple)	cleaned	every day
was (Past Simple)	yesterday
will be (Future Simple)	tomorrow
is being (Present Continuous)	now
was being (Past Continuous)	when he come
has been (Present Perfect)	already

Вопросительные и отрицательные формы в пассиве строятся также как с глаголом be.

Is the letter typed? The letter isn't typed.

Was the mail delivered? The mail wasn't delivered.

Will the doctor be sent for? The doctor will not be sent for.

Has the work been done? The work has not been done yet.

Если указывается исполнитель действия, тогда употребляется by.

Сравните:

The man mails the letter. (Active)

The letter is mailed by the man. (Passive)

She was being examined by the teacher when I entered the class.

The test will be given by the teacher.

EXERCISE

Write the correct form of verbs in Passive Voice.

1. The test (give)		yesterday.
		every two months.
		already.
		soon.
2. The man (arrest)		last week.
		not... yet.
		by the end of the week.
3. The election (hold)		every four years.
		two years ago.
		in two more years.
		already.
4. The work (finish)		this morning.
		since yesterday.
		before long.
		always... on time.
5. The street (close)		when it snows.
		last week.
		since last week.
		if it snows.
6. The tickets (sell out)		for two days now.
		in a day or two.
		several days ago.
		often … the day they go on sale.
7. The building (tear down)		not... yet.
		many years ago.
		next year.
		since 1991.
8. The window (break)		last month.
		several times.
		often.
		now.
9. The bridge (blow up)		in the last war.
		recently.
		soon.
10. The workers (pay)		already.
		every two weeks.
		next week.
		not … yet.

MODAL AUXILIARIES

	PAST	PRESENT	FUTURE
ABILITY	COULD GO	CAN GO	WILL BE ABLE TOGO
WAS WERE	ABLE TO GO	AM IS ARE	ABLE TO GO
OBLIGATION	HAD TO GO	MUST GO HAS TO GO HAVE TO GO	WILL HAVE TO GO
ASSUMPTION	MUST HAVE GONE	MUST GO
ADVISABILITY	SHOULD HAVE GONE	HAD BETTER GO SHOULD GO OUGHT TO GO
PERMISSION	MIGHT GO	MAY GO (CAN GO)
POSSIBILITY	MIGHT HAVE GONE	MAY GO MIGHT GO

ПОБУДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

make	have, get	let
заставлять	вынуждать	позволять

make have let	+	smb.	+	DO
* get	+	smb.	+	TO DO

Mary made John wash the car.

Mary had John wash the car.

Mary let John wash the car.

* Mary got John to wash the car.

make have let get

+

smth.

+

глаг. в III форме

Mary made the car washed.

Mary had the car washed.

Mary let the car washed.

Mary got the car washed.

ПРОБЛЕМНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ

лежать, находиться:	lie (lay, lain)	+	где? когда? (обстоят. места, времени)
подыматься, расти:	rise (rose, risen)
сидеть:	sit (sat,sat)

The University lies in Gagarin Avenue.

The Sun rises in the morning.

Iam sitting on the chair.

положить что-то на поверхность	lay (laid, laid)	+	что? (дополн.)
set (set, set)
подымать что-то, повышать	raise (raised, raised)

The boys lavs (sets) his books on the table.

Raise your hands!

Russia has raised the price of oil.

FORMULAS FOR CONDITIONS

REAL CONDITIONS

PRESENT – IF he studies, he will pass. PAST – IF he studies, he passed.

(if clause)

UNREAL CONDITIONS

Sub I Sub II

PRESENT – IF he studied, he would pass. PAST – IF he had studied, he would have passed. could have passed might have passed

(now) (last week, yesterday)

If	I	were
you
he
she
it
we
they

If I were you I would buy this book.

If it were summer now, we would go to the country.

Wish в сослагательном наклонении

I wish I knew her address (now).

I wish he would come (tomorrow).

I wish I had seen Peter (yesterday).

После следующих глаголов для передачи приказа, просьбы, предложений и т.д.

Advise	- советовать	that he do this   амер. вариант that he (should) do
Ask	- просить
Command	- командовать
Decree	- приказывать
Demand	- требовать
Insist	- настаивать
Move	- побуждать
Order	- приказывать
Prefer	- предпочитать
Propose	- предлагать
Recommend	- рекомендовать
Request	- запрашивать
Require	- требовать
Stipulate	- предусматривать
Suggest	- полагать
Urge	- призывать

На русский язык такие словосочетания переводятся условным способом

(частица «бы» + глагол в прошедшем времени).

The University requires that all its students take this course.

The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking.

Примечание: В условном способе слово that должно быть всегда.

Если that опускается, то используется конструкция с инфинитивом. (Object Infinitive)

Например:

We demand that he leave now.

We demand him to leave now. = We want him to leave now.

После безличных оборотов:

It is desirable	- желательно	thathe/youdothis.
It is important	- важно
It is necessary	- необходимо
It is proposed	- предлагается
It is recommended	- рекомендуется
It is required	- требуется
It is suggested	- предполагается

It is necessary thateverybody be present.

Запомните еще несколько выражений из этой группы.

It is impossible	- невозможно	thathe/you do this.
It is possible	- возможно
It is probably	- вероятно
It is likely	- вероятно
It is unlikely	- маловероятно

В подчиненных предложениях образа действия

После словосочетаний:

а)	as if	you did it
as though

Не speaks so well as if he knew the question in detail (he does not know).

The old lady dresses as if it were winter in the summer (it is not winter now).

He acts as thought he were rich (he is not rich).

б)	as if	you had done it
as though

Не spoke so well as if he had know the question (he did not know).

He looked as though he had run 10 miles (he didn't run).

СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН

He said	that he lived in Kiev
(чтоживет в Киеве)
that he had lived in Kiev
(чтожилв Киеве)
that he would live in Kiev
(чтобудет жить в Киеве)

Гл. предложение	Придаточное
Глагол в Past	Simple Present ® Simple Past
Simple Past ® Past Perfect
Simple Future ® Future in the Past

Степени сравнения – Degrees of Comparison

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
для односложных и двусложных:
А*	A +er	the A +est
large	larger	the largest
big	bigger	the biggest
для многосложных
А	more + A	the most + A
beautiful	more beautiful	the most beautiful
much, many	more	the most
Исключения
good	better	the best
little	less	the least
bad	worse	the worst
/ old	older	the oldest
elder (elder brother, sister, etc.)	the eldest
/ far	farther (по расстоянию)	the farthest
further (по времени)	the furthest
Запомните эти выражения: as... as – такой же... как Пример: Michael is as clever as Pete. not so... as – не такой... как Пример: This man is not so tall as that one. *Прилагательные или наречия (Adjectives or Adverbs)

Двойное сравнение

Double Comparatives

Такие предложения всегда начинаются с прилагательного в сравнительной степени с артиклем the, как например:

The hotter it is, the worse I feel.

The bigger they are, the harder they fall.

The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.

The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive at the airport.

The more you study, the less you know.

Сравнение из двух

"Of the two"

В таких предложениях обязательно используется артикль the.

This is the more interesting book of the two (of the pair).

He is the taller of the two.

Ho: Kate is the shortest of the three sisters.

Запомните:

1. Сравнение с двумя – the taller.

2. Сравнение с тремя и т.д. – the tallest.

Выучите следующие словосочетания:

twice as much as – в два раза больше

three times as many books as – втрое больше книг

three times as long as – втрое длиннее

four times as old as – в четыре раза старше

twice as young as – вдвое моложе

PARALLEL STRUCTURES

not only...	but also
both...	and
as well as
neither...	nor
either...	or
whether...	or

Эти словосочетания также обеспечивают параллельность структуры в английском предложении. Сравните следующие предложения:

She is not only very beautiful, but also she has a lot of money.

(not parallel)

She is not only very beautiful, but also very rich.

(parallel)

Выучите эти примеры:

1. Robert is not only talented but also handsome.

2. Robert is both talented and handsome.

3. Robert is talented as well as handsome.

4. Robert is neither talented nor handsome.

5. Robert is either talented or handsome.

6. Robert is whether talented or handsome. I don't know.

VERB - PHRASES

USED TO / BE USED TO

A.

used to + глагол

когда-то

B.

be (to) used to + глагол + ing get

привык

A.

1. Used to – это идиоматическое выражение, которое описывает обыкновенное прошедшее действие, которое сейчас не происходит.

I used to see him. (I don't see him now.)

He used to smoke. (He doesn't smoke now.)

I used to smoke, but now I don't.

He used to give me flowers, but now he doesn't.

She used to work here, but now she doesn't work here.

Meat used to cost less. (Now it is expensive.)

There used to be a store on that corner. (Now there isn't.)

2. Отрицательная форма: didn't used to или didn't use to.

Запомните: used to является идиоматическим выражением, а не глаголом use.

Meat didn't use to cost so much.

B. "Be" used to – также является идиоматическим выражением, описывающим действие, которое стало обычным, так как оно происходило в прошедшем, происходит сейчас и возможно будет происходить в будущем.

BE (to) USED TO DOING something GET

(a) to BE used to doing something = to be accustomed to
e.g. I am used to getting up early in the morning.
(It is already a habit)

(b) to GET used to doing something = to become accustomed to
e.g. I am still getting used to speaking English.
(I am still in the process)

He's used to studying five hours a day. (He's in the habit of studying etc.)

I'm used to getting up at eight.

Life in New York was hard for her at first, but she has gotten used to it.

She's on a diet, but she'll never get used to eating less.

American pronunciation was hard for me at first, but I've gotten used to it.

Past Abandoned Habit Present + NO or NEW HABIT

Present

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