UNIT 109 Word order (2)--adverbs with the verb

A. Some adverbs (for example, always, also, probably) go with the verb in the middle of a sentence:

* Tom always goes to work by car.

* We were feeling very tired and we were also hungry.

* Your car has probably been stolen.

B. Study these rules for the position of adverbs in the middle of a sentence. (They are only general rules, so there are exceptions.)

i) If the verb is one word (goes/fell/cooked etc.), the adverb usually goes before the verb:

Tom always(adverb) goes(verb) to work by car.

I almost(adverb) fell(verb) as I was going down the stairs.

* I cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner. (not 'cooked also')

* Lucy hardly ever watches television and rarely reads newspapers.

Note that these adverbs (always/often/also etc.) go before have to:

* Jim never phones me. I always have to phone him. (not 'I have always to phone')

ii) But adverbs go after am/is/are/was/were:

* We were feeling very tired and we were also hungry.

* Why are you always late? You're never on time.

* The traffic isn't usually as bad as it was this morning.

iii) If the verb is two or more words (can remember/doesn't smoke/has been stolen etc.), the adverb goes after the first verb (can/doesn't/has etc.):

I can(verb 1) never(adverb) remember(verb 2) his name.

Ann doesn't(verb 1) usually(adverb) smoke.(verb 2)

Are you(verb 1) definitely(adverb) going(verb 2) to the party tomorrow?

Your car has(verb 1) probably(adverb) been(verb 2) stolen.

* My parents have always lived in London.

* Jack can't cook. He can't even boil an egg.

* The house was only built a year ago and it's already falling down.

Note that probably goes before the negative. So we say:

* I probably won't see you. or I will probably not see you. (but not 'I won't probably.')

C. We also use all and both in these positions:

* We all felt ill after the meal. (not 'we felt all ill')

* My parents are both teachers. (not 'my parents both are teachers')

* Sarah and Jane have both applied for the job.

* We are all going out this evening.

D. Sometimes we use is/will/did etc. instead of repeating part of a sentence (see Unit 50A). Note the position of always/never etc. in these sentences:

* He always says he won't be late but he always is. (= he is always late)

* I've never done it and I never will. (= I will never do it) We normally put always/never etc. before the verb in sentences like these.

EXERCISES

109.1 Are the underline words in the right position or not? Correct the sentences that are wrong.

1. Tom goes _a1ways_ to work by car. _WRONG: Tom always goes_

2. I cleaned the house and also cooked the dinner. _RIGHT_

3. I have usually a shower when I get up. ---

4. We soon found the solution to the problem. ---

5. Steve gets hardly ever angry. ---

6. I did some shopping and I went also to the bank. ---

7. Jane has always to hurry in the morning because she gets up so late. ---

8. We all were tired so we all fell asleep. ---

9. She always says she'll phone me but she never does ---

109.2 Rewrite the sentences to include the word in brackets.

1. Ann doesn't drink tea. (often) _Ann doesn't often drink tea._

2. We were on holiday. (all) ---.

3. We were staying at the same hotel. (all) ---.

4. We enjoyed ourselves. (all) ---.

5. Catherine is very generous. (always) ---.

6. 1 don't have to work on Saturdays. (usually) I ---.

7. Do you watch television in the evenings? (always) ---.

8. Martin is learning French. He is learning Italian. (also)

Martin is learning French. He ---.

9. That hotel is very expensive. (probably) ---.

10. It costs a lot to stay there. (probably) ---.

11. I can help you, (probably) ---.

12. I can't help you. (probably) ---.

109.3 Complete the sentences. Use the words in brackets in the correct order.

1. I _can never remember_ her name. (remember/never/can)

2. I --- sugar in coffee. (take/usually)

3. 1 --- hungry when I get home from work. (am/usually)

4. 'Where's Jim?' 'He --- home early.' (gone has/probably)

5. Mark and Diane --- in Manchester. (both were/born)

6. Liz is a good pianist. She --- very well. (sing/also/can)

7. Our car --- down. (often/breaks)

8. They live in the same street as me but I --- to them. (never/have/spoken)

9. We --- a long time for the bus. (have/always/to wait)

10. My sight isn't very good. I --- with glasses. (read/can/only)

11. I --- early tomorrow. (probably/leaving/will/be)

12. I'm afraid I --- able to come to the party. (probably/be I won't)

13. It's difficult to contact Sue. She --- at home when I phone her. (is/hardly ever)

14. We --- in the same place. We haven't moved. (still/are/living)

15. If we hadn't taken the same train, we --- each other. (never/met/would/have)

16. 'Are you tired?' 'Yes, I --- at this time of day.' (am/always)

UNIT 110 Still, yet and already Any more/any longer/no longer

A still

We use still to say that a situation or action is continuing. It hasn't changed or stopped:

* It's 10 o'clock and Tom is still in bed.

* When I went to bed, Jane was still working.

* Do you still want to go to the party or have you changed your mind?

Still usually goes in the middle of the sentence with the verb. See Unit 109.

B. Any more/any longer/no longer

We use not... any more or not... any longer to say that a situation has changed. Any more and any longer go at the end of a sentence:

* Ann doesn't work here any more (or any longer). She left last month. (not 'Ann doesn't still work here')

* We used to be good friends but we aren't any more (or any longer).

You can also use no longer. No longer goes in the middle of the sentence:

* Ann no longer works here. Note that we do not normally use no more in this way:

* We are no longer friends. (not 'We are no more friends')

Compare still and not... any more:

* Sheila still works here but Ann doesn't work here any more.

C. Yet

Yet = 'until now'. We use yet mainly in negative sentences (I haven't finished yet) and questions (Have you finished yet?). Yet shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen.

Yet usually goes at the end of a sentence:

* It's 10 o'clock and Tom hasn't got up yet.

* I'm hungry. Is dinner ready yet?

* We don't know where we're going for our holidays yet.

We often use yet with the present perfect (Have you finished yet?). See also Unit 7C. Compare yet and still:

* Jack lost his job a year ago and is still unemployed.

Jack lost his job a year ago and hasn't found another job yet.

* Is it still raining?

Has it stopped raining yet?

Still is also possible in negative sentences (before the negative):

* She said she would be here an hour ago and she still hasn't come.

This is similar to 'she hasn't come yet'. But still. not shows a stronger feeling of surprise or impatience. Compare:

* I wrote to him last week. He hasn't replied yet. (but I expect he will reply soon)

* I wrote to him months ago and he still hasn't replied. (he should have replied before now)

D. Already

We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected. Already usually goes in the middle of a sentence (see Unit 109):

* 'When is Sue going on holiday?' 'She has already gone.' (= sooner than you expected)

* Shall I tell Liz the news or does she already know?

* I've only just had lunch and I'm already hungry.

EXERCISES

110.1 Compare what Paul said a few years ago with what he says now. Some things are the same as before and some things have changed.

Paul a few years ago (beard)

I travel a lot. I work in a shop.

I write poems.

I want to be a teacher.

I'm interested in politics. I'm single. I go fishing a lot.

Paul now

I travel a lot.

I work in a hospital.

I gave up writing poems.

I want to be a teacher.

I'm not interested in politics.

I'm single.

I haven't been fishing for years.

Write sentences about Paul using still and not. any more.

1. (travel) _He still travels a lot._

2. (shop) _He doesn't work in a shop any more.-

3. (poems) He ---.

4. (teacher) ---.

5. (politics) ---.

6. (single) ---.

7. (fishing) ---.

8. (beard) ---.

Now write three sentences about Paul using no longer.

9. _He no longer works in a shop._

10. He ---.

11. ---.

12 ---.

110.2 For each sentence (with still) write a sentence with a similar meaning using not... yet + one of the following verbs:

decide find finish go stop take off wake up

1. It's still raining. _It hasn't stopped raining yet._

2. George is still here. He ---.

3. They're still having their dinner. They ---.

4. The children are still asleep ---.

5. Ann is still looking for a job ---.

6. I'm still wondering what to do ---.

7. The plane is still waiting on the runway ---.

110.3 In this exercise you have to put in still, yet, already or not... any more in the _underline_ sentence (or part of a sentence). Study the examples carefully.

1. Jack lost his job a year ago and _he is unemployed._ _He is still unemployed_

2. Do you want me to tell Liz the news or _does she know_? _does she already know

3. I'm hungry. _Is dinner ready_? _Is dinner ready yet_

4. I was hungry earlier but _I'm not hungry._ _I'm not hungry any more_

5. Can we wait a few minutes? _I don't want to go out._ ---.

6. Jill used to work at the airport but _she doesn't work there._ ---.

7. I used to live in Amsterdam. _I have a lot of friends there_ ---.

8. 'Shall I introduce you to Jim?' 'There's no need. _We've met._' ---.

9. _Do you live in the same house_ or have you moved? ---.

10. Would you like to eat with us or _have you eaten?_ ---.

11. 'Where's John?' '_He isn't here._ He'll be here soon.' ---.

12. Tim said he would be here at 8.30. It's 9 o'clock now and _he isn't here._ ---.

13. Do you want to join the club or _are you a member?_ ---.

14. It happened a long time ago but _I can remember it very clearly._ ---.

15. I've put on weight. _These trousers don't fit me._ ---.

16. '_Have you finished with the paper?_' 'No _I'm reading it._' ---.

UNIT 111 Even

A. Study this example situation:

Tina loves watching television. She has a TV set in every room of the house--even the bathroom.

We use even to say that something is unusual or surprising. It is not usual to have a TV set in the bathroom.

Some more examples:

* These photographs aren't very good. Even I could take better photographs than these. (and I'm certainly not a good photographer)

* He always wears a coat - even in hot weather.

* Nobody would lend her the money - not even her best friend. or Not even her best friend would lend her the money.

B. Very often we use even with the verb in the middle of a sentence (see Unit 109):

* Sue has travelled all over the world. She has even been to the Antarctic. (It's especially unusual to go to the Antarctic, so she must have travelled a lot.)

* They are very rich. They even have their own private jet.

Study these examples with not even:

* I can't cook. I can't even boil an egg. (and boiling an egg is very easy)

* They weren't very friendly to us. They didn't even say hello.

* Jenny is very fit. She's just run five miles and she's not even out of breath.

C. You can use even + a comparative (cheaper/more expensive etc.):

* I got up very early but John got up even earlier.

* I knew I didn't have much money but I've got even less than I thought.

* We were surprised to get a letter from her. We were even more surprised when she came to see us a few days later.

D. Even though/even when/even if

You can use even + though/when/if to join sentences. Note that you cannot use even alone in the following examples:

* Even though she can't drive, she has bought a car. (not 'Even she can't drive.')

* He never shouts, even when he's angry.

* I'll probably see you tomorrow. But even if I don't see you tomorrow, we're sure to see each other before the weekend. (not 'even I don't see you')

Compare even if and if:

* We're going to the beach tomorrow. It doesn't matter what the weather is like. We're going to the beach even if it's raining.

* We hope to go to the beach tomorrow, but we won't go if it's raining.

EXERCISES

111.1 Sharon, Linda and Angela are three friends who went on holiday together. Use the information given about them to complete the sentences using even or not even.

Sharon is usually on time, Sharon is usually happy, Sharon likes getting up early, Sharon is very interested in art

Linda isn't very keen on art, Linda is usually miserable, Linda usually hates hotels, Linda hasn't got a camera

Angela is almost always late, Angela is a keen photographer, Angela loves staying at hotels, Angela isn't very good at getting up

1. They stayed at a hotel. Everybody liked it, _even Linda._

2. They arranged to meet. They all arrived on time ---.

3. They went to an art gallery. Nobody enjoyed it ---.

4. Yesterday they had to get up early. They all managed to do this ---.

5. They were together yesterday. They were all in a good mood ---.

6. None of them took any photographs, ---.

111.2 Make sentences with even. Use the words in brackets.

1. She has been all over the world. (the Antarctic) _She has even been to the Antarctic._

2. She has to work every day. (on Sundays) ---.

3. They painted the whole room. (the floor) They ---.

4. You could hear the noise from a long way away. (from the next street)

You ---.

5. They have the windows open all the time. (when it's freezing) ---.

In the following sentences you have to use not... even.

6. They didn't say anything to us. (hello). _The didn't even say hello._

7. I can't remember anything about her. (her name) I ---.

8. There isn't anything to do in this town. (a cinema) ---.

9. He didn't tell anybody where he was going. (his wife) ---.

111.3 Complete these sentences using even + a comparative.

1. It was very hot yesterday but today it's _even hotter._

2. The church is 500 years old but the house next to it is ---.

3. That's a very good idea but I've got an --- one.

4. The first question was very difficult to answer. The second one was ---.

5. 1 did very badly in the examination but most of my friends did ---.

6. Neither of us was hungry. I ate very little and my friend ate ---.

111.4 Put in if, even, even if or even though.

1. _Even though_ she can't drive, she has bought a car.

2. The bus leaves in five minutes but we can still catch it --- we run.

3. The bus leaves in two minutes. We won't catch it now --- we run.

4. His Spanish isn't very good --- after three years in Spain.

5. His Spanish isn't very good --- he's lived in Spain for three years.

6. --- with the heating on, it was very cold in the house.

7. --- I was very tired, I couldn't sleep.

8. I won't forgive them for what they said --- they apologise.

9. --- I hadn't eaten anything for 24 hours, I wasn't hungry.

UNIT 112 Although/though/even though In spite of/despite

A. Study this example situation:

Last year Jack and Jill spent their holidays by the sea.

It rained a lot but they enjoyed themselves. You can say:

Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. (= It rained a lot but they...)

or In spite of the rain, they enjoyed themselves. Despite the rain, they enjoyed themselves.

B. After although we use a subject + verb:

* Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.

* I didn't get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications.

Compare the meaning of although and because:

* We went out although it was raining.

* We didn't go out because it was raining.

C. After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or ~ing:

* In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.

* I didn't get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications.

* She wasn't well, but in spite of this she went to work.

* In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.

Despite is the same as in spite of. Note that we say 'in spite of', but despite (without 'of'):

* She wasn't well, but despite this she went to work. (not 'despite of this')

You can say 'in spite of the fact (that)...' and 'despite the fact (that)...':

* I didn't get the job in spite of the fact (that) I had all the necessary qualifications.

* I didn't get the job despite of the fact (that) I had all the necessary qualifications.

Compare in spite of and because of:

* We went out in spite of the rain. (or... despite the rain.)

* We didn't go out because of the rain.

D. Compare although and in spite of/despite:

* Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time. (not 'in spite of the traffic was bad')

In spite of the traffic, I arrived on time. (not 'in spite of the traffic was bad')

* I couldn't sleep although I was very tired. (not 'despite I was tired')

* I couldn't sleep despite being very tired. (not 'despite I was tired')

E. Sometimes we use though instead of although:

* I didn't get the job though I had all the necessary qualifications.

In spoken English we often use though at the end of a sentence:

* The house isn't very nice. I like the garden though. (= but I like the garden)

* I see him every day. I've never spoken to him though. (= but I've never spoken to him)

Even though (but not 'even' alone) is a stronger form of although:

* Even though I was really tired, I couldn't sleep. (not 'Even I was really tired...')

EXERCISES

112.1 Complete the sentences. Use although + a sentence from the box.

I didn't speak the language

he has a very important job

I had never seen her before

we don't like them very much

it was quite cold, the heating was on

I'd met her twice before

we've known each other for a long time]

1. _Although he has a very important job,_ he isn't articularly well-paid.

2. ---, I recognised her from a photograph.

3. She wasn't wearing a coat ---.

4. We thought we'd better invite them to the party ---.

5. ---, I managed to make myself understood.

6. ---, the room wasn't warm.

7. I didn't recognize her ---.

8. We're not very good friends ---.

112.2 Complete the sentences with although/in spite of/because/because of.

1. _Although_ it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.

2. a. --- all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.

b. ---we had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.

3. a. I went home early --- I was feeling unwell.

b. I went to work the next day --- I was still feeling unwell.

4. a. She only accepted the job --- the salary, which was very high.

b. She accepted the job --- the salary, which was rather low.

5. a. I managed to get to sleep --- there was a lot of noise.

b. I couldn't get to sleep --- the noise.

Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences:

6. a. He passed the exam although.---.

b. He passed the exam because ---.

7. a. I didn't eat anything although ---.

b. I didn't eat anything in spite of ---.

112.3 Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences.

1. I couldn't sleep. I was tired. (despite). _I couldn't sleep despite being tired._

2. They have very little money. They are happy. (in spite of)

In spite of ---.

3. My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village. (although)

4. I enjoyed the film. The story was silly. (in spite of)

5. We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other. (despite)

6. I got very wet in the rain. I had an umbrella. (even though)

112.4 Use the words in brackets to make a sentence with though at the end.

1. The house isn't very nice. (like/garden) _I like the garden though._

2. It's quite warm. (a bit windy) ---.

3. We didn't like the food. (ate) ---.

4. Liz is very nice. (don't like/husband) I ---.

UNIT 113 in case

A. Study this example situation:

Geoff is a football referee. He always wears two watches during a game because it is possible that one watch will stop.

He wears two watches in case one of them stops.

In case one of them stops ='because it is possible one of them will stop'.

Some more examples of in case:

* Ann might phone tonight. I don't want to go out in case she phones. (= because it is possible she will phone)

* I'll draw a map for you in case you can't find our house. (= because it is possible you won't be able to find it)

We use just in case for a smaller possibility:

* I don't think it will rain but I'll take an umbrella just in case. (=just in case it rains) Do not use will after in case. Use a present tense for the future (see also Unit 25):

* I don't want to go out tonight in case Ann phones. (not 'in case Ann will phone')

B. In case is not the same as if. We use in case to say why somebody does (or doesn't do) something. You do something now in case something happens later. Compare:

#1 in case

* We'll buy some more food in case Tom comes.

(= Perhaps Tom will come; we'll buy some more food now, whether he comes or not; then we'll already have the food if he comes.)

* I'll give you my phone number in case you need to contact me.

* You should insure your bicycle in case it is stolen.

#2 if

* We'll buy some more food if Tom comes.

(= Perhaps Tom will come; if he comes, we'll buy some more food; if he doesn't come, we won't buy any more food.)

* You can phone me at the hotel if you need to contact me.

* You should inform the police if your bicycle is stolen.

C. You can use in case (+ past) to say why somebody did something:

* We bought some more food in case Tom came. (= because it was possible that Tom would come)

* I drew a map for Sarah in case she couldn't find the house.

* We rang the bell again in case they hadn't heard it the first time.

D. 'In case of.' is not the same as 'in case'. In case of... = 'if there is...' (especially in notices etc.):

* In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible. (= if there is a fire)

* In case of emergency, telephone this number. (= if there is an emergency)

EXERCISES

113.1 Barbara is going for a long walk in the country. She is going to take these things with her:

some chocolate a map an umbrella her camera some water a towel

She has decided to take these things because:

perhaps she'll want to have a swim

it's possible she'll get lost

she might get hungry

she might want to take some photographs

perhaps she'll get thirsty

perhaps it will rain

Write sentences with in case saying why Barbara has decided to take these things with her.

1. _She's going to take some chocolate in case she gets hungry._

2. She's going to take a map in case ---.

3. She's going to ---.

4. ---.

5. ---.

6 ---.

113.2 What do you say in these situations? Use in case.

1. It's possible that Mary will need to contact you, so you give her your phone number.

You say: Here's my phone number ---.

2. A friend of yours is going away for a long time. Maybe you won't see her again before she goes, so you decide to say goodbye now.

You say: I'll say ---.

3. You are shopping in a supermarket with a friend. You think you have everything you need but perhaps you've forgotten something. Your friend has the list. You ask him to check it.

You say: Can you ---.

113.3 Write sentences with in case.

1. There was a possibility that Ann would phone. So I didn't go out.

_I didn't go out in case Ann phoned._

2. John thought that he might forget the name of the book. So he wrote it down.

He wrote down ---.

3. 1 thought my parents might be worried about me. So I phoned them.

I phoned ---.

4. 1 wrote a letter to Jane but I didn't receive a reply. So I wrote to her again because I thought that perhaps she hadn't received my first letter.

I ---.

5. I met some people when I was on holiday in France. They said they might come to London one day. I live in London, so I gave them my address.

I ---.

113.4 Put in case or if.

1. Ann might phone this evening. I don't want to go out _in case_ she phones.

2. You should tell the police _if_ your bicycle is stolen.

3. 1 hope you'll come to London sometime. --- you come, you can stay with us,

4. This letter is for Susan. Can you give it to her -- you see her?

5. Write your name and address on your bag --- you lose it.

6. Go to the lost property office --- you lose your bag.

7. The burglar alarm will ring --- somebody tries to break into the house.

8. I've just painted the door. I'll put a WET PAINT notice next to it --- somebody doesn't realize it's just been painted.

9. I was advised to arrange insurance --- I needed medical treatment while I was abroad.

UNIT 114 Unless As long as and provided/providing

A. Unless

Study this example situation:

The club is for members only.

You can't go in unless you are a member.

This means:

'You can't go In except if you are a member.' or 'You can go in only if you are a member.'

Unless ='except if'

Some more examples of unless:

* I'll see you tomorrow unless I have to work late. (= except if I have to work late)

* Don't tell Sue what I said unless she asks you. (= except if she asks you)

* 'Shall I tell Sue what you said?' 'Not unless she asks you.' (= only if she asks you)

* I don't like fish. I wouldn't eat it unless I was extremely hungry. (= except if I was extremely hungry)

We often use unless in warnings:

* We'll be late unless we hurry. (= except if we hurry)

* Unless you work much harder, you won't pass the exam.

* I was told I wouldn't pass the exam unless I worked harder.

Instead of unless it is often possible to say if... not:

* Don't tell Sue what I said if she doesn't ask you.

* We'll be late if we don't hurry.

B. As long as etc.

as long as or so long as All these expressions mean 'if' or 'on condition that'.

provided (that) or providing (that) All these expressions mean 'if' or 'on condition that'.

For example:

* You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.

* You can use my car so long as you drive carefully.

(= you can use my car but you must drive carefully--this is a condition)

* Travelling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park.

* Travelling by car is convenient providing (that) you have somewhere to park.

(= but only if you have somewhere to park)

* Providing (that) she studies hard, she'll pass her exams.

* Provided (that) she studies hard, she'll pass her exams.

(= she must study hard - if she does this, she will pass)

C. When you are talking about the future, dr, not use will after unless/as long as/provided providing. Use a present tense (see also Unit 25):

* We'll be late unless we hurry. (not 'unless we will hurry')

* Providing she studies hard, she will pass the exam. (not 'providing she will study')

EXERCISES

114.1 Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.

1. You must work much harder or you won't pass the exam.

_You won't pass, the exam unless you work much harder._

2. Listen carefully or you won't know what to do.

You won't know what to do ---.

3. She must apologize to me or I'll never speak to her again.

I'll ---.

4. You have to speak very slowly or he won't be able to understand you.

5. The company must offer me more money or I'm going to look for another job.

114.2 Write a new sentence with the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.

1. You are allowed into the club only if you're a member.

_You aren't allowed into the club unless you're a member._

2. I'm going to the party only if you go too.

I'm not going ---.

3. The dog will attack you only if you move suddenly.

4. He'll speak to you only if you ask him a question.

5. The doctor will see you today only if it's an emergency.

114.3 Choose the correct word or expression for each sentence.

1. You can use my car _unless/as long as_ you drive carefully. (as long as is correct)

2. I'm playing tennis tomorrow _unless/providing_ it's raining.

3. I'm playing tennis tomorrow _unless/providing_ it's not raining.

4. I don't mind if you come in late _unless/as long as_ you come in quietly.

5. I'm going now _unless/provided_ you want me to stay.

6. I don't watch television _unless/as long as_ I've got nothing else to do.

7. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool _unless/provided_ they are with an adult.

8. _Unless/provided_ they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming pool.

9. We can sit here in the corner _unless/as long as_ you'd rather sit over there by the window.

10. A: Our holiday cost a lot of money.

B: Did it? Well, that doesn't matter _unless/as long as_ you enjoyed yourselves.

114.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1. We'll be late unless _we hurry._

2. I like hot weather unless ---.

3. I like hot weather provided ---.

4. Kate reads a newspaper every day as long as ---.

5. I don't mind walking home as long as ---.

6. I like to walk to work in the morning unless ---.

7. We can meet tomorrow unless ---.

8. You can borrow the money providing ---.

9. You won't achieve anything unless ---.

UNIT 115 As (reason and time)

A. As (reason)

As sometimes means 'because':

* As it was a public holiday, all the shops were shut. (= because it was a public holiday)

* As they live near us, we see them quite often.

* We watched television all evening as we had nothing better to do. d We also use as to say that two things happened at the same time. See Section B.

B. As (time)

You can use as when two things happen at the same time:

* I watched her as she opened the letter. ('I watched' and 'she opened' at the same time)

* As they walked along the street, they looked in the shop windows.

* Can you turn off the light as you go out, please? (= on your way out of the room)

Or you can say that something happened as you were doing something else (= in the middle of doing something else):

* Jill slipped as she was getting off the bus.

* The thief was seen as he was climbing over the wall.

Most often we use as when two short actions happen at the same time:

* George arrived as Sue left. (= he arrived and Sue left at the same time)

* We all waved goodbye to Liz as she drove away in her car.

But we also use as when two things happen together over a longer period of time:

* As the day went on, the weather got worse.

* I began to enjoy the job more as I got used to it.

You can also use just as (= exactly at that moment):

* Just as I sat down, the phone rang.

* Just as we were going out, it started to rain.

* I had to leave just as the conversation was getting interesting.

For the past continuous (was getting/were going etc.) see Unit 6.

C. As, when and while

We use as only if two things happen at the same time. We use when (not 'as') if one thing happens after another. Compare when and as:

* When I got home, I had a bath. (not 'as I got home')

* As I walked into the room, the phone started ringing. (= at the same time)

We use as (time) for actions and happenings. As + a situation (not an action) usually means 'because' (see Section A):

* As we were asleep, we didn't hear the doorbell. (=because we were asleep)

* As they live near me, I see them quite often. (=because they live near me)

You cannot use as for time in sentences like this. You have to use while or when:

* The doorbell rang while we were asleep. (not 'as we were asleep')

* Angela got married when she was 23. (not 'as she was 23')

EXERCISES

115.1 What does as mean in these sentences? (because), (at the same time as)

1. As they live near us, we see them quite often. (because)

2. Jill slipped as she was getting off the bus. (at the same time as)

3. As I was tired, I went to bed early.

4. Unfortunately, as I was parking the car, I hit the car behind.

5, As we climbed the hill, we got more and more tired.

6. We decided to go out to cat as we had no food at home.

7. As we don't use the car very often, we've decided to sell it.

115.2 (Section A) join a sentence from List A with one from List B. Begin each sentence with As.

A: 1. yesterday was a public holiday

2. it was a nice day

3. we didn't want to wake anybody up

4. the door was open

5. none of us had a watch

B: 1. I walked in

2. we came in very quietly

3. all the shops were shut

4. we didn't know what time it was

5. we went for a walk by the sea

1. _As yesterday was a public holiday, all the shops were shut._

2. ---.

3. ---.

4. ---.

5. ---.

115.3 (Section B) Use as to join a sentence from List A with one from List B.

A: 1. we all waved goodbye to Liz

2. we all smiled

3. I burnt myself

4. the crowd cheered

5. a dog ran out in front of the car

B: 1. we were driving along the road

2. I was taking a hot dish out of the oven

3. she drove away in her ear

4. we posed for the photograph

5. the two teams ran onto the field

1. _We all waved goodbye to Liz as she drove a in her car._

2.---.

3. ---.

4. ---.

5. ---.

115.4 Put in as or when. Sometimes you can use either as or when.

1. Angela got married _when_ she was 23.

2. My camera was stolen --- I was on holiday.

3. He dropped the glass --- he was taking it out of the cupboard.

4. --- I left school, I went to work in a shop.

5. The train slowed down --- it approached the station.

6. I used to live near the sea --- I was a child.

115.5 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.

1. I saw you as ---.

2. It began to rain just as ---.

3. As I didn't have enough money for a taxi, ---.

4. Just as I took the photograph, ---.

UNIT 116 Like and as

A. Like = 'similar to', 'the same as'. Note that you cannot use as in this way:

* What a beautiful house! It's like a palace. (not 'as a palace')

* 'What does Sandra do?' 'She's a teacher, like me.' (not 'as me')

* Be careful! The floor has been polished. It's like walking on ice. (not 'as walking')

* It's raining again. I hate weather like this. (not 'as this')

In these sentences, like is a preposition. So it is followed by a noun (like a palace), a pronoun (like me/like this) or ~ing (like walking).

You can also say 'like (somebody/something) doing something':

* 'What's that noise?' 'It sounds like a baby crying.'

B. Sometimes like = 'for example':

* Some sports, like motor racing, can be dangerous.

You can also use such as (= for example):

* Some sports, such as motor racing, can be dangerous.

C. We use as (not 'like') before a subject + verb:

* I didn't move anything. I left everything as I found it.

* They did as they promised. (= They did what they promised.)

Compare like and as in these sentences:

* You should have done it like this. (like + pronoun)

* You should have done it as I showed you. (as + subject + verb)

We also say as you know/as I said/as she expected/as I thought etc.:

* As you know, it's Tom's birthday next week. (= you know this already)

* Jane failed her driving test, as she expected. she expected this before)

Note that we say as usual/as always:

* You're late as usual.

D. As can also be a preposition but the meaning is different from like. Compare:

#1 as

* Brenda Casey is the manager of a company. As the manager, she has to make many important decisions. ('As the manager' = in her position as the manager)

* During the war this hotel was used as a hospital. (so it really was a hospital)

like

* Mary Stone is the assistant manager. Like the manager (Brenda Casey), she also has to make important decisions. ('Like the manager' = similar to the manager)

* Everyone is ill at home. Our house is like a hospital. (it isn't really a hospital)

As (preposition) = 'in the position of', 'in the form of' etc.:

* A few years ago I worked as a bus driver. (not 'like a bus driver')

* We've got a garage but we haven't got a car, so we use the garage as a workshop.

* Many English words (for example, 'work' and 'rain') can be used as verbs or nouns.

* London is all right as a place to visit, but I wouldn't like to live there.

* The news of her death came as a great shock.

We say regard... as:

* I regard her as my best friend.

EXERCISES

116.1 (Sections A, B and Q Put in like or as.

1. It's raining again. I hate weather _like_ this.

2. Jane failed her driving test _as_ she expected.

3. Do you think Carol looks --- her mother?

4. He really gets on my nerves. I can't stand people --- him.

5. Why didn't you do it --- I told you to do it?

6. 'What does Bill do?' 'He's a student --- most of his friends.'

7. Why do you never listen? Talking to you is --- talking to the wall.

8. --- I said yesterday, I'm thinking of changing my job.

9. Tom's idea seemed a good one, so we did --- he suggested.

10. It's a difficult problem. I never know what to do in situations --- this.

11. I'll phone you tomorrow --- usual, OK?

12. This tea is awful. It tastes --- water.

13. Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was --- a bomb exploding.

14. She's a very good swimmer. She swims --- a fish.

15. I'm afraid I can't meet you on Sunday --- we arranged.

16. We met Keith last night. He was very cheerful --- always.

116.2 (Sections A and D) Complete the sentences using like or as + one of the following:

a beginner blocks of ice a palace a birthday present a problem a child a church winter a tourist guide

1. This house is beautiful. It's _like a palace._

2. Margaret once had a part-time job ---.

3. My feet are really cold. They're ---.

4. I've been learning Spanish for a few years but I still speak ---.

5. 1 wonder what that building with the tower is. It looks ---.

6. My brother gave me this watch --- a long time ago.

7. It's true that we disagree about some things but I don't regard this ---.

8. It's very cold for the middle of summer. It's ---.

9. He's 22 years old but he sometimes behaves ---.

116.3 (All sections) Put in like or as.

1. Your English is very fluent. I wish I could speak --- you.

2. Don't take my advice if you don't want to. You can do --- you like.

3. You waste too much time doing things --- sitting in cafes all day.

4. 1 wish I had a car --- yours.

5. There's no need to change your clothes. You can go out --- you are.

6. My neighbour's house is full of interesting things. It's --- a museum.

7. 1 think I preferred this room --- it was, before we decorated it.

8. When we asked Sue to help us, she agreed immediately --- I knew she would.

9. Sharon has been working --- a waitress for the last two months.

10. While we were on holiday, we, spent most of our time doing energetic things --- sailing, water skiing and swimming.

11. You're different from the other people I know. I don't know anyone --- you.

12. We don't need all the bedrooms in the house, so we use one of them --- a study.

13. --- her father, Catherine has a very good voice.

14. The news that Sue and Jim were getting married came --- a complete surprise to me.

15. At the moment I've got a temporary job in a bookshop. It's OK --- a temporary job but I wouldn't like to do it permanently.

UNIT 117 As if

A. You can use as if to say how somebody or something looks/sounds/feels etc.:

* That house looks as if it's going to fall down.

* Ann sounded as if she had a cold, didn't she?

* I've just come back from holiday but I feel tired and depressed. I don't feel as if I've just had a holiday.

Compare:

* You look tired. (look + adjective)

You look as if you haven't slept. (look + as if + subject + verb)

* Tom sounded worried. (sound + adjective)

Tom sounded as if he was worried. (sound + as if + subject + verb)

You can use as though instead of as if:

* Ann sounds as though she's got a cold. (= as if she's got a cold.)

B. You can also say It looks/sounds/smells as if (or as though):

* Sandra is very late, isn't she? It looks as if she isn't coming.

* We took an umbrella with us because it looked as if it was going to rain.

* Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they're having a party.

* It smells as though someone has been smoking in here.

After It looks/sounds/smells, many people use like instead of as if/as though:

* It looks like Sandra isn't coming.

C. You can use as if with other verbs to say how somebody does something:

* He ran as if he was running for his life.

* After the interruption, the speaker carried on talking as if nothing had happened.

* When I told them my plan, they looked at me as if I was mad.

D. After as if we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the present.

For example:

* I don't like Norma. She talks as if she knew everything.

The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past ('as if she knew') because the idea is not real: Norma does not know everything. We use the past in the same way with if and wish (see Unit 38).

Some more examples:

* She's always asking me to do things for her--as if I didn't have enough to do. (I do have enough to do)

* Harry's only 40. Why do you talk about him as if he was an old man? (he isn't an old man)

When you use the past in this way, you can use were instead of was:

* Why do you talk about him as if he were an old man?

* They treat me as if I were (or was) their own son. (I'm not their son)

EXERCISES

117.1 Use the sentences in the box to make sentences with as if.

it has just been cut I'm going to be sick he hadn't eaten for a week she was enjoying it she had hurt her leg he meant what he was saying he needs a good rest she didn't want to come

1. Mark looks very tired. He looks _as if he needs a good rest._

2. Sue was walking with difficulty. She looked ---.

3. I don't think he was joking. He looked ---.

4. The grass is very short. It looks ---.

5. Peter was extremely hungry and ate his dinner very quickly.

He ate ---.

6. Carol had a bored expression on her face during the concert.

She didn't look ---.

7. I've just eaten too many chocolates. Now I'm feeling ill.

I feel ---.

8. I phoned Emma and invited her to the party but she wasn't very enthusiastic about it.

She sounded ---.

117.2 What do you say in these situations? Use You look/You sound/I feel as if... Use the words in brackets to make your sentence.

1. You meet Bill. He has a black eye and some plasters on his face.

You say to him: _You look as if you've been in a fight._ (be/a fight)

2. Christine comes into the room. She looks absolutely terrified.

You say to her: What's the matter? You ---. (see/a ghost)

3. Sarah is talking to you on the phone about her new job and she sounds very happy about it.

You say to her: ---. (enjoy/it)

4. You have just run one kilometre. You are absolutely exhausted.

You say to a friend: I ---. (run/a marathon)

117.3 Make sentences beginning It looks as if.../It sounds as if...

you had a good time there's been an accident they are having an argument it's going to rain she isn't coming we'll have to walk

1. Sandra said she would be here an hour ago. You say: _It looks as if she isn't coming._

2. The sky is full of black clouds. You say: It ---.

3. You hear two people shouting at each other next door.

You say: ---.

4. You see an ambulance, some policemen and two damaged cars at the side of the road.

You say: ---.

5. You and a friend have just missed the last bus home.

You say: ---.

6. Sue and Dave have just been telling you about all the interesting things they did while they were on holiday. You say: ---.

117.4 These sentences are like the ones in Section D. Complete each sentence using as if

1. Brian is a terrible driver. He drives _as if he were_ the only driver on the road.

2. I'm 20 years old, so please don't talk to me --- a child.

3. Steve has only met Nicola once but he talks about her --- a close friend.

4. It was a long time ago that we first met but I remember it --- yesterday.

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