Medical institutions

Методические указания по английскому языку для студентов 1 курса.СПбГПМУ,2013

Составители: И.И.Могилева, И.Л.Гальфанович, М.Ю.Дайнеко, В.А.Кузина, М.П.Слободчикова, Л.М.Тюмина

Рецензент: Доцент кафедры немецкой филологии РГПУ им. А.И.Герцена, кандидат филологических наук, Н.В.Пигина

Ответственный редактор: заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков с курсом русского языка СПбГПМУ, кандидат филологических наук, доцент И.И.Могилева

Методические указания предназначены для развития дискурсивной компетенции по теме «Медицинские учреждения» на английском языке у студентов –медиков. В пособие включены 3 основных текста: Поликлиника, Аптека и Больница и несколько дополнительных текстов, расширяющих заявленные темы. Основные тексты снабжены списком слов, необходимых для обсуждения текста, с толкованиями, особо поясняющими текстовые идиомы. Все тексты сопровождаются упражнениями, направленными как на развитие лингвистического анализа словоформ, так и на создание речевых навыков. Совершенствование дискурсивной компетенции студентов формируется постепенно, от упражнений с лексической подсказкой, на изменение формы слова или подстановку, до ведения обучающимися беседы в условиях заданной ситуации общения. Основные тексты пособия откорректированы носителями аутентичного языка из Британии и США, дополнительные взяты из аутентичных источников медицинских сайтов интернета.

THE POLYCLINIC

When a person in Russia falls ill, he calls a local polyclinic doctor. If his condition is not very bad and he does not have a high temperature, he goes to the polyclinic and his doctor examines him there. Every patient applies to a certain physician treating all the people in that district of the residential community, so any physician at the polyclinic knows his patients very well. Besides local physicians, specialists of various fields of medicine work at the polyclinic: surgeons, neurologists, eye doctors, ear, nose and throat (ENT) doctors, radiologists, cardiologists, urologists, physiotherapists, etc.

During the medical examination, the local physician first asks the patient what brought him to the doctor. Then the physician listens to the patient’s heart and lungs, takes his pulse and blood pressure or looks into the patient’s throat if necessary according to the patient’s complaints. Before making a diagnosis, the physician can refer the patient to the laboratory to have a blood or urine test done or to a specialist for an X-ray, an ECG or for an examination. The laboratory tests as well as other instrumental investigations help the doctor to make a correct diagnosis and to administer the proper treatment.

Every patient has a medical record called a “personal patient’s card” in Russia that each doctor fills in every time the patient visits the local polyclinic. Everything about the patient: the patient’s complaints, diagnoses, treatment(s) administered, and all changes in the patient’s condition are recorded in the patient’s medical record.

In addition to their consulting hours at the polyclinic, local physicians go out on calls to examine those patients who are seriously ill and whose condition is poor. These patients have to remain at home and stay in bed. They usually receive sick leave from work for the period of their illness.

Doctors at the polyclinic are always assisted by nurses. Nurses help doctors during their consulting hours. They take patients’ temperature, fill in referral forms for lab tests or for other tests and make appointments for the patient’s next visit. Nurses also take patients’ blood for tests and make various tests at the laboratory. They give patients injections ordered by the doctor and they help surgeons dress wounds. Nurses also carry out various medical procedures prescribed by the doctor at the polyclinic or at the patient’s home.

Words to be remembered:

fall ill – заболеть, be ill with – болеть чем-то, illness = disease - болезнь; call – вызывать, называть, вызов; condition – состояние; treat – лечить, treatment - лечение; examine - осматривать, examination – осмотр; physician – врач-терапевт; local – местный, районный; district of the residential community – участок (по месту проживания); besides – кроме, наряду с; field – поле, область; surgeon – хирург; during – во время, в течение: bring (brought) – приводить, приносить; take (pulse, blood pressure) – измерять (пульс, давление крови); throat – горло; according to – в соответствии с, согласно; complaint – жалоба, complain of – жаловаться на; make a diagnosis – ставить диагноз; refer to – направлять к, referral (form) – направление (бланк); X-ray – рентген, делать рентген; urine (test) – (анализ) мочи; do tests – делать анализы, have a test done – делать анализ (когда его делает не сам говорящий, а кто-то другой – медсестра лаборатории - для него)[1]; investigation -исследования, investigate – исследовать; administer – назначать применять), prescribe - прописывать; proper – надлежащий, правильный; medical record – медкарта, record - запись, регистрация, записывать; fill in - заполнять; in addition to - в дополнение к, add – добавлять; consulting hours – часы приема; poor = bad – тяжелое (о состоянии или симптоме); receive = get –получать; sick-leave - больничный лист, отпуск по болезни, sick - больной, leave - отпуск, разрешение на отпуск; make an appointment - записывать на следующее посещение (назначить встречу); give injections – делать инъекции; order – заказывать, приказывать, order an injection – назначать (инъекции, анализы и др, что будет выполняться для пациента третьим лицом); dress wounds – перевязывать раны; carry out = perform a procedure – выполнять процедуру.

1. Fill in with the corresponding words to make a pair: a science - a specialist

Specialist	Science
	Otolaryngology
Cardiologist
Urologist
Pediatrician
	Obstetrics

2. How will you call these specialists in an other way?

Eye doctor –

Ear, nose and throat doctor -

Therapeutist –

3. a) Fill in with the corresponding words to make a pair: a noun – a verb:

Verb	Noun
Treat
	Diagnosis
Administer
Complain
Investigate
	pressure
Refer

-

b) Fill in the gaps with the correct form of a word from the list above:

1. Patients come to see the doctor to … of some trouble.

2. Doctors administer the patient different ….

3. A GP[2] can … a patient to a specialist.

4. A GP can … drugs for injections.

5. Medical scientists … the problem because it is important.

6. The blood … taken was 140 over 90.

7. Phonendoscope is an instrument that helps to … a patient’s lungs or heart.

8. When … the patient’s liver the doctor did ultrasound scan.

9. The nurse filled in a … form for a blood test.

10. When a person is ill, but the … is not clear he or she will be … to several ….

4. Combine the verbs from column A with the proper nouns from column B and translate the phrases they produce:

A B

a) take injections

give tests

make pulse

do diagnosis

temperature

electrocardiogram

an appointment

b) refer the test findings

fill in to a specialist

administer medical procedures

call referral forms

record a doctor

order a treatment

c) look into his throat

listen some noise

hear this patient

see to her heart

the blood test’s finding

to the doctor’s advice

at the table with the test’s findings

5. a. Find a definition for the words:

Fill in	To do something that needs to be organized, to conduct
Look at	Write information in the spaces of a form or a text
Carry out	Ask someone to come and help
Call in	To pay attention to what someone is saying or to a sound that you can hear.
Listen to	Turn your eyes to see

b. Fill in the gaps with the proper word from above:

1. The doctor … …. a patient’s medical record where he records the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

2. When a person has high temperature, he …... a doctor.

3. They … …. laboratory tests and instrumental investigations.

4. The doctor is asking the patient to… … her and open his mouth. She wants to examine his throat.

5. The doctor… … the patient’s lungs and heart.

6. Put the words in the correct order to make up questions; then answer them:

1. investigations / administer / instrumental / the doctor / does / What?

2. laboratory / you / do /know / analysis /What?

3. does / medical / kind / What / of / have / document / the patient / the polyclinic / at?

4. the doctor / assists / Who?

5. a nurse / What / does / do?

6. local / the / examine / How / does / patients / the / physician /the/ in / polyclinic?

7. are / What / specialists / polyclinic / there / in / other / the?

8. What / physician / down / does / the / write / medical record /the / into?

9. Where / local / can/ refer / a/ physician / patients?

10. Why / a / a / come / does / doctor / to see / patient?

11. look / doctors/ When / do / throat / patient’s / the /into?

7. Disagree with the following sentences (making them negative) and prove your idea.

Model: He takes every patient’s pulse.

No, he doesn’t. He takes their blood pressure.

1. The consulting hours of a doctor last 6 hours a day.

2. The patient has high temperature.

3. The ear, nose and throat doctor goes out to calls.

4. Dr. Belova is a cardiologist at the local polyclinic.

5. A sick-leave is a medical record.

6. Nurses take patients’ pulse and blood pressure.

7. The patient complains of a severe headache.

8. In this case doctors administer warm applications to the chest.

9. The nurses give patients injections with non-disposable syringes.

10. The GP always refers patients to specialists.

11. Local physicians usually begin their examination with the words: ”Happy to see you!”.

8. Say that somebody else does these things (change the person to S/he …)

Model: I do blood tests. – No, I don’t. A nurse does them.

1. I make appointments for the evening.

2. I listen to the lungs and heart examining a patient.

3. I often make a proper diagnosis.

4. I usually administer treatment with herbs.

5. I go out for calls after my consulting hours.

6. I fill in the patient’s medical record each time he visits me.

7. I administer a course of antibiotics.

8. I work at the local polyclinic.

9. I have high blood pressure: 180 / 120.

10. I help the surgeon to dress wounds.

9. Fill in the gaps with the English equivalents of the words in brackets:

1. E v ery patient (обращается) to a certain physician treating all the people in his district.

2. During the medical examination the local physician asks the patient what (привело) him to the doctor`s.

3. Before making a diagnosis the physician (может направить) the patient to have a blood or urine test done.

4. Local physicians (ходят по вызовам) to examine those patients whose condition is poor.

5. Seriously ill patients (должны) to remain at home, to stay in bed.

6. Doctors at the polyclinic (помогают) by nurses.

7. Nurses (делают пациентам уколы) administered by the doctor.

8. Each doctor (заполняет) the record every time the patient visits him.

9. Everything about the patient (записывается) in the patient`s medical record.

10.A nurse on duty (выполняет) various medical procedures ordered by the doctor.

10. Fill in the gaps with the correct verb tense form (active or passive).

1. The patient (breathe) heavily and became pale.

2. Every patient has a medical record which (fill in) by his physician.

3. The diagnosis of the disease, the administrations made by the doctor, the course of the disease (write down) in the patient’s record.

4. Last week he (complain of) a general weakness and a bad headache.

5. A nurse always (carry out) any of the doctor`s administrations.

6. Patient Smirnov looked ill and (to be) pale.

7. Such a sick person always (receive) a sick-leave.

8. He was seriously ill. He (to be) not able even to call a doctor in.

9. There was a deep wound on the lateral surface and it (to dress) by the nurse on duty.

10. The increase of the chest pain was associated with physical exertion and the patient (have to) stay in bed

11. You are going to read a text about physical examination. Try to answer these questions, then find answers in the text below:

1. What methods of physical examination do you know?

2. What senses and body organs of his/her own does a doctor use during the procedure?

3. What is “to palpate”?

4. What does the doctor check by palpation?

5. What is “auscultation”?

6. Does the doctor use any instruments examining patients?

7. What do you think “percussion” is?

Read the following extracts:

Palpation

Palpation is a method of feeling with the fingers or hands during a physical examination. A GP touches and feels the patient's body to examine the size, consistency, texture, location, and tenderness of an organ or body part.

Auscultation

Auscultation is the method of listening to the sounds of the body during a physical examination.

Auscultation is usually done using a medical instrument called a stethoscope. This is how it was invented. As a child, René Laënnec found that he could hear the scratching sound of a pin through the entire length of a wooden beam and when he became a doctor, he remembered this when he had to examine a young female patient. Instead of placing his ear to her chest to listen to internal sounds he used a paper tube, thereby inventing the first stethoscope.

Doctors listen to a patient's lungs, heart, and intestines to evaluate the frequency, intensity, duration, number, and quality of sounds.

Doctors also listen to the heart sounds of unborn infants. This can be performed with a stethoscope or with sound waves (called Doppler ultrasound). It can also be used to hear pulses in the hands and feet.

Percussion

Percussion is a method of tapping body parts with fingers, hands, or small instruments as part of a physical examination. The purpose is to evaluate the size, consistency, and borders of body organs, and the presence or absence of fluid in body areas (lungs, abdomen etc.).

12. Use the list of words to identify the kinds of appointments described in sentences 1-12.

Cancelled confirmed delayed double-booked follow-up initial missed out-of-hours postponed previous routine successive vacant

EXAMPLE When a patient phones up to say they cannot keep their appointment. = This is a cancelled appointment.

1. An outpatient’s appointment after an operation.

2. When two people are given the same appointment time.

3. When a patient tells you they will definitely keep their appointment.

4. An appointment for eight o’clock in the evening.

5. When the consultant is running late.

6. The first appointment.

7. An appointment made for Monday, but changed to Wednesday.

8. When a patient doesn’t turn up.

9. An appointment slot that is available.

10. A regular appointment.

11. Not this appointment, but the one before.

12. All the appointments after this one.

A CHEMIST’S SHOP

When we need a medicine, we go to a chemist’s shop. In Britain it can be a pharmacy, in the USA you will look for a pharmacy or a drugstore. A pharmacy is very much like any chemist’s in this country: it’s a shop where one can buy various drugs of traditional medicine as well as herbs and occasionally some popular homeopathic remedies. They also sell various things for different medical procedures like mustard plasters, cups, hot water bottles, ice-bags, disposable syringes and needles, cotton wool and other products for dressings, etc.

However, an American drugstore sells lots of necessary things which are far from medicine. Here you could buy an umbrella, a greeting card, a pen, felt-tip pens in various colors or a toy for your kid, some perfume, lipstick, and many other small items one may need in one’s everyday life. The drugstore can be quite a big place, but you may only find a little counter selling medicine somewhere in a corner there. Most of the medicine we buy nowadays is produced by large pharmaceutical factories and only sold at the chemist’s or at a drugstore. Some doctors still prefer to write out special prescriptions. These should be ordered to be formulated by the compounding pharmacist of a pharmacy or simply filled from stock supplied by the manufacturer’s distributor.

Medicine is made in various forms convenient to use. There are pills, tablets or caplets and capsules for adults or older children to swallow. There are mixtures or syrups good for children to take in, nose drops or sprays, skin ointments and powders or creams to apply externally.

Every pack of medicine has a label to mark it. The name of the medicine and instructions for its use are always written there. It is important not to confuse one drug with another and not to overdose any medicine because a wrong drug or an improper dose may be poisonous. If a medicine was formulated in the pharmacy, it will have a white label to indicate it as an internal medicine, a yellow one when it is a drug for external use, a blue one when the medication is for injections.

Words to be remembered:

chemist’s shop = pharmacy = drugstore – аптека; drug = medicine = remedy = medication – лекарство; need – нуждаться, нужда; herb - (лекарственная) трава; as well as – также как; occasionally – иногда, время от времени; buy (bought) - покупать, sell(sold) – продавать; mustard plasters - горчичники; cups – банки (мед.); hot water bottle - грелка; ice-bag – пузырь для льда; disposable syringe and needle - одноразовые шприц и игла; item = thing – предмет, вещь; produce - производить, product - продукт; prefer - предпочитать; prescription - рецепт, write out a prescription – выписать рецепт, prescribe a drug for – выписать лекарство от; order - заказывать: formulate - составлять из отдельных компонентов по формуле (рецепта): compound – составлять сложную смесь, приготавливать; химическое соединение: fill – заполнять (отсутствующие элементы), состалять из нескольких элементов; stock - запас; supply – поставлять, снабжать; pill – пилюля; caplet - таблетка в форме капсулы; swallow - глотать; take in - принимать; drop – капля; ointment - мазь; powder – порошок; apply = (use) - применять, прикладывать (использовать), application – аппликация, компресс, применение; external = outer - наружный/internal =inner - внутренний; label - этикетка; mark – отмечать; confuse - путать; overdose - передозировать; indicate - указывать; wrong – неправильный, не тот; poisonous - ядовитый.

1. Answer the questions:

1. What shop should you find if you need some medicine in Britain?

2. What can you apply on your back or chest if you cough?

3. What do you need to buy for injections?

4. In what case will you need products for dressing? a hot water bottle? an ice-bag?

5. What is the most unusual thing that you can buy at a drugstore?

6. Which drug forms can be taken orally by an adult?

7. What forms of internal medicine are convenient for children to swallow?

8. What medicine forms can be applied on the skin? into the nose? into the eyes?

9. What do the labels indicate?

10. Why are they sometimes of different colors?

2. a) Make up an adjective from the corresponding noun:

Noun	Adjective
Allergy Pharmacy Tradition Herb Poison

b) Fill in the gaps with a correct word from above:

1. Strawberries are not recommended to small children as they can cause an… 2. … companies study drug interactions. 3. At the chemist’s shop one can buy some drugs of … medicine.

4. The doctor administered a … mixture.

5. … is the term applied to the practice of preparing and compounding medicines.

6. The overdose of some medicine can be ….

7. A … … in UK is the same as the drugstore in the USA. 8. … can be suppressed by antihistamine.

9. … is any substance which may cause illness or even death.

10. The use of … as medicines is probably as old as mankind.

11. … is a reaction of the body to any substance.

3. You are going to read a text “The Pharmacist” Try to discuss the following questions before reading it. Start with: I think… I believe… As far as I know…

- What is a pharmacist?

- Where do pharmacists work?

- What are the main things a pharmacist should do?

- What does a pharmacist check when reviewing medication profiles[3]?

Now read the text about this medical speciality:

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Дата добавления: 2015-10-31