Replacement is replacing the grammatical units (words, parts of speech) of the SL by some other grammatical units of the TL.
Types of replacements:
1) word form replacement: He said he lived in N. – Он
сказал, что живет в Н.
When he asked…- Когда он спросил…
Whenever he asked…- Когда он спрашивал…
After he had finished his work last night, he went to the club. – Вчера…закончив…пошел…
2) parts of speech replacement:
She was made of different stuff.
Arthur had expected to be threatened, abused, and sworn at…
He stole a look at the girl.
An attempted overthrow in Peru.
I’m quite a heavy smoker.
He is an accomplished TV performer.
He is not a terribly good mixer.
I am a very rapid packer.
Oh, I am no dancer, but I like watching her.
Higher pay and shorter working hours.
Australian prosperity was followed by a slump.
The sea was rough and unswimmable.
Cold is the least of my worries.
3) parts of sentence replacement:
He was awed by her business sense.
Crisis in Russia is deeply rooted.
Cypress is rather hot in summer.
More light was shed on…yesterday.
Visitors are requested to leave their coats in the cloakroom.
He was pitchforked into the post of Minister of Health.
The roads were sentinelled by oaks.
Afternoon saw James and Sam polishing the floors.
The resolution declares… Figure 5 shows…
Chapter 8 discusses… The note strongly protests…
4) sentence replacement:
a) I like watching her dance.
I never saw him brush his teeth.
They looked sort of poor.
b) It was so dark, I could not see her.
It was not me she was angry at.
It was pretty nice to get back into my room, after I left old Spencer.
c) While I was eating my eggs, these two nuns with suitcases and all… came in.
d) When Arthur entered the seminary church on Tuesday morning, he found Father Cardy alone.
e) He had new father whose picture was enclosed.
III-IV. Additions and Omissions (Integrating)
In English some semantic units available or implied in the deep structure drop out when it is transformed into surface structure. Such semantic units may be deduced from the deep structure of any word combination or sentence. For example, the word combination OIL COUNTRIES may be said to be the surface structure of the deep structure OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES, where the word PRODUCING is quite appropriate and aids to understand the word combination as a whole.
Translate the following word combinations by means of structural integrating:
pay claim / pay offer electricity cut
gun license defenses
wage strike solid engines
modern weapons internship
You should add apt words such as «знать, понимать, говорить и др.» when translating phrases with logical and situational extension.
e.g. The policeman waved me on.
Her English is not very good.
The conductor came around for our tickets.
“We mean business”, said the Prime Minister in the Commons yesterday, announcing new Government moves to hasten Britain into Europe.
The new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference on food supplies.
We won’t have any news before the early morning.
What was he like?
The odd thing was he began to feel tension.
Murder will out. (Shakespeare)
He lives to build, not boast, a generous race. (Shakespeare)
The Council shall decide after an overall assessment whether an excessive deficit exists.
For stylistic purposes, we can use emphatic elements, repetition, and rhythmical extension:
Stalin kept idiosyncratic hours, and Leonov had been invited to come late at night.
Ever one to find a practical solution to a problem, my friend helped me. (Ch.Show “Stalin”)
…through the implementation of a common foreign and security policy.
He was abnormally mature. The main features of the historical Stalin were already set. (Ch.Snow “Stalin”)
Omissions are transformations opposite to additions. They are made possible in translation because the SL text may be semantically more than enough and the translator may do without this excessive information to produce an equivalent in TT.
He leaned forward to take the paper.
The first thing I did was to give her a call.
He took his bag in his right hand.
Her hands rested side by side on her lap.
Summer rains in Florida may be violent, while they last.
You should avoid tautology. One of the cases of superfluity is the use in English of twin-pair synonyms (mostly typical of judicial documents). In Russian such twin-pair synonyms are represented by one equivalent word or word combination:
by force and violence the bold and courageous struggle
aid and support regular and normal
rough dirty work nooks and corners
All the prewar ideas about defense are now dead and buried.
Burning or combustion is the process of combining a fuel or combustible with the oxygen in the air.
The proposal was rejected and repudiated.
The storm was terrible while it lasted.
Synonyms in idioms are used informally: pick and choose, part and parcel, to have and hold, odds and ends, give and take, leaps and bounds; free, gratis and for nothing, etc. Translate these clichés with the help of dictionaries.
When translating some explicit contents into implicit form, you can use compression for comprehension:
e.g. They shall ensure the implementation of these policies, each in accordance with its respective powers.
Do not repeat in translation some excessive elements:
e.g. …encouraging mobility of students and professors, inter alia by encouraging the academic recognition of diplomas and periods of study.
While translating from Russian, prefer a compound noun to an “of-construction”:
e.g. the car key > the key of (to) the car
Further reading and exercises:
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