III. Word combinations: collocations, idioms, locutions, phraseological units.

economic set up – a great lady –

for security reasons – Our Lady –

red tape – birth control devices –

first night – Registration Bureau -

IV. Sentence (utterance)

Good riddance!

The pot calls the kettle black.

It’s contemptible!

Fragile!

It’s an outrage!

For a long time we were on the waiting list.

V. Fragments of the text (paragraphs, extended utterance)

VI. Text

Three linguistic parameters of the text:

1) topic (the message of the text or its content);

2) focus (the marked units of the text);

3) linkage (transition and cohesion).

Further reading and exercises:

1. Козакова Т.А.: pp. 27-49; стр. 209, ex. 13.
2. Komissarov,Koralova: pp. 71-75, pp. 84-89.
3. Козакова Т.А.: pp. 63-88 (transcription and loans)
4. Can you explain the extension of meaning of the following words:

GAMBIT? STOCK ? STARVE ? NICE ? HUMOR ?

1. Give examples of international words, cognates, the translator’s false friends. What is the technique for dealing with them?

Translate the words in the list below:

амбиция – ambition -

анекдот – anecdote -

консервировать – to conserve -

критик – critique -

лирик – lyric -

лирика – lyrics -

лояльный – loyal -

манифестация – manifestation -

режим – regime -

симулировать – to simulate -

сода – soda -

факультет - faculty -

Unit VI. Causes of Lexical Transformations.

Each word doesn’t function as an isolated unit, but as part and parcel of the lexical system of a language. This explains the peculiarities of word semantic structures in different languages. A word may be more widely used in one language while in another it may have a narrower or even terminological meaning. Besides, all the words are usually classified into STYLISTICALLY NEUTRAL and STYLISTICALLY COLOURED. The latter may be classified into bookish and colloquial. Bookish styles in their turn may be general, poetical, scientific or learned, while colloquial styles are subdivided into literary colloquial, familiar colloquial and slang (according to I.ARNOLD). The use of words and the choice of one of their meanings for translation depends merely upon the environment of a given word. It is often the context that makes the translator choose the right correspondence in the TL.

Moreover, the choice of the correspondence may depend on different CONNOTATIONS of a word. It adds to the primary meaning all the ideas and meanings which the human experience has attached to the original meaning.

e.g. R.: “ВОЛ” associates with “zeal, diligence”, while

E.: “OX” associates with stupidity.

E.: “to make an ox of one” = to make a fool of one.

In Western countries “white” is a symbol of purity, in Eastern cultures – a symbol of death or mourning.

The primary meaning or DENOTATION of the word “ tiger ” pictures a large beast of the cat family with characteristic black stripes. The CONNOTATION of this word suggests the cunning, the swiftness of the cat combined with enormous strength and pitiless ferocity. When used to characterize a person we should use the full comment on this word.

The majority of words have both types of meanings.

POLYSEMY is characteristic of most words in many languages, no matter how different they may be. English retains probably the richest vocabulary, and most diverse shadings of meanings of any language. It has a maddening tendency to load a single word with a whole galaxy of meanings.

e.g. “ fine ” – 14 as an adjective, 6 as a noun, 2 as an adverb…

Something is not just BIG, it is LARGE, IMMENSE, VAST, CAPACIOUS, BULKY, MASSIVE, WHOPPING…

And English is unique in possessing a synonym for each level of culture: popular, literary, scholarly – so that we can according to our background and cerebral attainments RISE, MOUNT, or ASCEND a stairway, shrink in FEAR, TERROR or TREPIDATION, and THINK, PONDER or COGITATE upon a problem.

Yet, English is untidy and acquisitive language cluttered with a plethora of needless words. Bill Bryson gives such an example in his book “The Mother Tongue”:

“The down-at-heel character observed that first he was called POOR, then DEPRIVED, then – UNDERPRIVILEGED, and then DISADVANTAGED, and concluded that although he still didn’t have a dime, he sure had acquired a fine vocabulary…”

In comparison with Russian, English is more flexible due to its monosyllabic character and the predominance of root words.

Polysemy presents one of the sources of confusion when translating polysemantic words.

A.Burak gives such a sentence by way of illustration: “ Богатство дает зависть, неприязнь, но не уважение и положение в обществе”.

уважение ® envy or jealousy?

R: зависть ® E: envy, being envious, covetous, begrudging, pique at, jaundice, rivalry, etc.

One of the meanings of jealousy – is being envious, possessive. Jealousy is usually considered to be a more unpleasant feeling in the usage. (The Longman Dictionary of English language and culture).

The translator must use monolingual dictionaries because Russian-English and English-Russian dictionaries are just collections of interlinguistic synonyms. Remember that everything in translation depends on the environment of the word.

e.g. KEEN - wind, joy, wit, sportsman

Even LINK words are polysemantic:

He didn’t arrive yet.

Yet he didn’t arrive.

It is for the comparison of the results…

For all efforts they still couldn’t find any evidence.

Дата добавления: 2015-07-10