Replacement of Syndeton by Asyndeton

In English and Ukrainian coordination may be expressed by both syndetic and asyndetic ways; again for Ukrainian (oral colloquial), asyndetic way is more typical than for English. This fact is reflected in frequent replacement of syndetic type of connection by asyndetic in translating from English:

So I opened my suitcases and took out a clean shirt, and then I went in the bathroom and washed and changed my shirt.

Я відкрив валізи, витягнув чисту сорочку, пішов у ванну, помився й переодягнувся.

In the source sentence copulative conjunction and is used four times, in Ukrainian – only one, at the last member of enumeration.

After I made the date with old Sally, I got out of bed and got dressed and packed my bag.

Домовився з Саллі, потім встав, одягнувся, склав валізу.

In English sentence three conjunctions (after and 2 and) are used, in Ukrainian – none (conjunction after is replaced byadverb потім).

It was hot as hell and the windows were all steamy.

Спека була нестерпна, всі вікна запітніли.

All you do is make a lot of dough, and play golf, and play bridge, and buy cars, and drink martinis, and look like a hot-shot.

Будеш просто гнати монету, грати в гольф, у бридж, купувати машини, пити сухі коктейлі й ходити таким собі півнем.

In translation from Ukrainian into English, on the contrary, asyndeton in most cases is replaced by syndeton:

І сушені вишні тоді були м’які, соковиті, солодкі, духмяні (Чехов. Вишневий сад).

The dried cherries were soft, and juicy, and sweet, and sweet-smelling then.

Questions for discussion:

1. What is pronominalization?

2. What are the reasons to change parts of speech in translation?

3. What changes with adjectives occur in translation?

4. What replacements with members of a sentence occur in translation?

5. How many types of syntactical replacements in a compound sentence do you know?

6. How does the replacement of cooprdination by subordination and vice versa occur?

7. In what way syndeton is replaced by asyndeton and vice versa?

Translate the following text into Ukrainian:

(Continuation)

The Dutch place-names of the United States are chiefly confined to the vicinity of New York, and a good many of them have become greatly corrupted. Brooklyn, Wallabout and Gramercy offer examples. The first-named was originally Breuckelen, the second was Waale Bobht, and the third was De Kromme Zee. Hell-Gate is a crude translation of the Dutch Helle-Gat. During the early part of the last century the more delicate New Yorkers transformed the term into Hurlgate, but the change was vigorously opposed by Washington Irving, and so Hell-Gate was revived. The law of Hobson-Jobson early converted the Dutch hoek into hook, and it survives in various place-names, e. g., Kinderhook and Sandy Hook. The Dutch kill is a Grundwort in many other names, e. g., Cat skill Schuylkill, Peekskill Fishkill and Kill van Kull; it is the equivalent of the American creek. Many other Dutch place-names come familiarly to mind: Harlem, Staten, Flushing, Cortlandt, Culver, Plaat, Nassau, Coenties, Spuyten Duyvel, Yonkers, Barnegat, Bowery (from Bouvery). Block Island was originally Blok, and Cape May was Mey, both Dutch.

French place-names have suffered almost as severely. Few persons would recognize Smackover, the name of a small town in Arkansas, as French, and yet in its original form it was Chemin Couvert. In the same way Bob Ruly, a Missouri name, descends from Bois Brule; Glazypool, the name of an Arkansas mountain, from Glaise a Paul; Low Freight, the name of an Arkansas river, from L'Eau Froid, and Barboo from Baribault. A large number of French place-names, e. g.. Lac Supereur, were translated into English at an early day, and most of those that remain are now pronounced as if they were English. Thus Terre Haute is terry-hut, Bonne Terre, an old town near St. Louis, is bonnie tar and Versailles is ver-sales. The French Louis, in Louisville, is usually pronounced correctly, but in St. Louis it is almost always converted into Lewis. The rouge in Baton Rouge is correctly pronounced, though the baton is commonly boggled. The local pronunciation of Illinois is Illinoy. The name of the Purgatoire river in Colorado was changed the American pioneers into Picketwire, and that remains the local name of the stream to this day. Already half a dozen Bellevues have been changed to Belleviews and Bellviews, and the spelling of nearly all the Belvederes has been changed to Belvidere.

The Spanish names of the Southwest are undergoing a like process of corruption, though without official aid. San Antonio has changed to San Antone in popular pronunciation and seems likely to go to San Tone; El Paso has acquired a flat American a; Los Angeles presents such difficulties that no two of its inhabitants agree upon the proper pronunciation, and many compromise on simple Los, as the folks of Jacksonville commonly call their town Jax. Some of the most mellifluous of American place-names are in the areas once held by the Spaniards. It would be hard to match the beauty of Santa Margarita, San Anselmo, Alamogordo, Terra Amarilla, Sabinoso, Las Palomas, Ensenada, Nogales, San Patrick and Bernadillo. But they are under a severe and double assault. Not only do the present lords of the soil debase them in speaking them; in many cases they are formally displaced by native names of the utmost harshness and banality. Thus, one finds in New Mexico such absurdly-named towns as Sugarite, Shoemaker, Newhope, Lordsburg, Eastview and Central; in Arizona such places as Old Glory, Springville, Wickenburg and Congress Junction, and even in California such abominations as Oakhurst, Ben Hur, Dry town, Skidoo, Susanville. The early Spaniards were prodigal with place-names testifying to their piety, but these names, in the overwhelming main, were those of saints. Add Salvador, Trinidad and Concepcion, and their repertoire is almost exhausted. If they ever named a town Jesus the name has been obliterated by Anglo-Saxon prudery.

The names of the Jewish patriarchs and those of the holy places in Palestine do not appear among their place-names; their Christianity seems to have been exclusively of the New Testament. But the Americans who displaced them were intimately familiar with both books of the Bible, and one finds copious proofs of it on the map of the United States. There are no less than nine Canaans, eleven Jordans and twenty-one Sharons. Adam is sponsor for a town in West Virginia and an island in the Chesapeake, and Eve for a village in Kentucky. There are five postoffices named Aaron, two named Abraham, two named Job, and a town and a lake names Moses. Most of the St. Pauls and St. Josephs of the country were inherited from the French, but the two St. Patricks show a later influence. There is a village in Maryland, too small to have a postoffice, named Gott and Gottville in California, but no doubt these were named after German settlers. There are four Trinities, to say nothing of the inherited Trinidads.

Names wholly or partly descriptive of localities are very numerous throughout the country:

Bald Knob, Council Bluffs, Patapsco Neck, Delaware Water Gap, Curtis Creek, Walden Pond, Sandy Hook, Key West, Bull Run, Portage, French Lick, Jones Gulch, Watkins Gully, Cedar Bayou, Keams Canyon, Parker Notch, Sucker Branch, Fraziers Bottom and Eagle Pass. Butte Creek, in Montana, is a name made up of two Americanisms. There are thirty-five postoffices whose names embody the word prairie, several of them, e. g., Prairie du Chien. Wis., inherited from the French. There are seven Divides, eight Buttes. eight town-names embodying the word burnt, innumerable names embodying grove, barren, plain, fork, center, cross-roads, courthouse, cove and ferry, and agreat swarm of Cold Springs, Coldwaters, Summits, Middletowm and Highlands.

The flora and fauna of the land are enormously represented. There are twenty-two Buffalos beside the city in New York, and scores of Buffalo Creeks, Ridges, Springs and Wallows. The Elks, in various forms, are still more numerous, and there are dozens of towns, mountains, lakes, creeks and country districts named after the beaver, martin, coyote, moose and otter, and as many more named after such characteristic flora as the paw-paw, the sycamore, the cottonwood, the locust and the sunflower. There is an Alligator in Mississippi, a Crawfish in Kentucky and a Rat Lake on the Canadian border of Minnesota.

The endless search for mineral wealth has besprinkled the map with such names as Bromide, Oil City, Anthracite, Chrome, Chloride, Coal Run, Goldfield, Telluride, Leadville and Cement.

Translate the following sentences paying attention to causative constructions of “to have/get smth done” type in italics:

1. Italy’s rap star Jovanotti had his fans worried recently, when he started to sing about the rain forest, the fight against drugs and the sorry state of Italian politics.

2. Lloyd George was believed to have had the beer deluded in pubs near centres of ammunition production during the first world war, in order to keep the wheels of the home front turning without a hiccup.

3. Mr. Herbane had got his face scratched and his finger bitten by the cat, trying to catch her for a second experience in killing and bringing to life. (Th.L Peacock)

4. The congressman from our district, General Fulgham, assured me some days ago that he would use his influence to get my book published at an early date. (O. Henry)

5. Nearly 1,600 birds died, 25 crofts had their vegetables condemned and 2,000 sheep were moved from affected grazing areas as a result of the Braer tank (oil spill) disaster in Shetland, the House of Lords was told yesterday. (“G.”)

6. A technical dispute between big brewers and Customs and Excise could have beer and lager drinkers foaming at the mouth: the alcoholic strengths of many brands are to be cut while the prices — already too high for many — remain the same. (“Ind.”)

7. Alan Clark, the colourful former defense minister, had his career“destroyed by woman,” his wife Janice claims in a documentary to be shown at the weekend. (“T.”)

8. At the Old Courthouse he was booed by a large crowd of farmers and their wives. “Have those damned oafs moved on,” he snarled at Sir Giles. “I will not be subject to hooliganism.” (T.Sharpe)

Дата добавления: 2015-07-10