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Replacing Word Forms and Parts of Speech

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The examples of replacements of grammatical word forms in the translation process happens very often. We change the number of nouns, tense of verbs, etc.:

 

They used to dry cherries and soak them and pickle them, and make jam of them…

Вишню висушували, замочували, закривали, варення варили…

We’re leaving tomorrow (Present Continuous).

Ми поїдемо завтра (майбутній час).

Quite often parts of speech are replaced in a translated text. Nouns are replaced by verbs, pronouns, Gerund is replaced by nouns, verbs, participles, tec. Let us consider the types of replacements of parts of speech:

1. Pronominalization is awidespread replacement when noun is replaced by a pronoun:

 

Спочатку він висів у кімнаті діда, проте скоро дід прогнав його до нас на мансарду, тому що шпак навчився дражнити дідуся… (М. Горький). At first the bird hung in my grandfather’s room, but soon he outlawed itto our attic, because itbegan to imitate him…
“I took possession of his effects after his death”, I explained. “They were done up in a parcel and I was directed to give them to you” (S.Maugham, A Casual Affair). Все, що залишилось від нього після смерті, віддали мені,пояснила я. – Листи й портсигар були зв’язані в пакет. На ньому було написано: передати леді Кастеллан, особисто.

 

Here the concretization of pronouns they and you is fulfilled on the basis of a broad context data:

 

I took the parcel… Inside was another wrapping, and on this, in a neat, well-educated writing… Please deliver personally to the Viscountess Kastellan … The first thing I found was a gold and platinum cigarette case … Besides the cigarette-case there was nothing but a bundle of letters.

 

2. Below there is a replacement in which Noun is transformed into Verb:

 

I m a very good golfer. Я дуже гарно граю в гольф.
I’m a very light eater. Я дуже мало їм.
The funny part was, though, we were the worst skaters on the whole goddam rink. Але найсмішніше те, що на всій тій клятій ковзанці ми катались гірше за всіх.
Naturally, I never told him I thought he was a terrific whistler. Звісно, я йому ніколи не казав, що він чудово свище.
...He was a pretty heavy drinker. Він пив як кінь.

 

3. In these examples we observe transformation in which Adjective is transformed into Noun:

Australian prosperity was followed by a slump. Після економічного розквіту в Австралії настала криза.
The British Government уряд Англії
The American decision рішення США
The Congolese Embassy посольство Конго

 

English adjectives in the comparative degree when translated into Ukrainian may be replaced by verbal nouns with the meaning of increasing (growing) or decreasing the volume, size or degree (the type of increasing, decreasing, rising, decline, reduction, etc.):

 

The stoppage, which is in support of higher pay and shorter working hours, began on Monday. Забастовка, учасники якої ви-магають підвищення заробіт-ної платні й скорочення робочо-го дня, почалась у понеділок.

 

In translation adjectives can be also replaced by the group “ adjective + noun ”, if they are used in attributive function:

 

You always got these very lumpy mashed potatoes... До них завжди подавали картопляне пюре з грудочками.

 

Adjective in predicative function with link-verb be or another one is often replaced by one verb: to be glad – радіти, to be angry – сердитись, to be silent – мовчати:

 

I was really glad to see him. Я зрадів, побачивши його.
He was too conceited. Надто він хизується.

 

Replacements of speech parts are often accompanied by the replacements of the sentence members, i.e. by restructuring the syntactical structure of a sentence.

 

16.2. Replacements of the Sentence Members
(Restructuring the Syntactical Structure of a Sentence)

 

1) In translation passive construction is transformed in active one:

 

He was met by his sister. Його зустріла сестра.
He was given money. Йому дали грошей.
I was offered another post. Мені запропонували нову посаду.
Visitors are requested to leave their coats in the cloak-room. Відвідувачів просять залишати верхній одяг в гардеробі.
The door was opened by a middle-aged Chinese woman. Двері нам відчинила немолода китаянка.

 

2) Subject of English sentence in translation into Ukrainian is replaced by Object:

 

The last week has seen an intensification of the diplomatic activity. Минулого тижня спостері-галась активізація дипломатич-ної діяльності.
The eight years from 1963 through 1970 saw the publication of eight relatively full treatments of the subject. Протягом восьми років, з 1963 до 1970-го, було опубліковано ві-сім робіт, що дають відносно ви-черпне висвітлення цієї проблеми.

 

This phrase with the verb see (which is deprived of specific lexical meaning and denotes here only the fact of existence of this or that event or phenomenon is rather typical for English press. Compare:

 

1973 saw... – в 1973 році,

the next week will see... – наступного тижня,

Tonight sees... – сьогодні ввечері, etc.

 

English verbal nouns like publication, beginning, renewal, performance, etc.,usuallyused as objects of the verb see, in Ukrainian translation are transformed into verbal predicate: було опубліковано, почалось, відновилось, було виконано, etc.

Analogous transformation also takes place in other cases, when English subject (“ theme ”), which stands in the beginning of a sentence, expresses these or those meanings of adverbial modifier. Thus, it’s not rare that in Ukrainian translation English subject is replaced by the adverbial modifier of place:

 

The little town of Clay Cross today witnessed a massive demonstration (MS). Сьогодні в невеличкому містечку Клей-Крос відбулася масова демонстрація.
...the room was too damn hot. (Sal.) У кімнаті було нестерпно спекотно.

In the last example the replacement of parts of speech also takes place – adjective hot is transformed into a noun спека.

Analogous syntactical transformation is observed in translating the following constructions, typical of English press into Ukrainian:

 

The communique says... в комюніке говориться;

The resolution declares – в резолюції сказано;

The note strongly protests – в ноті висловлено рішучий протест.

The memorandum accuses the present government with violations which include the rigging of elections.

У меморандумі нинішній уряд звинувачено в низці порушень законності, у тому числі й у фальсифікації результатів президентських перегонів.

 

The same types of phrases are often met in the texts of scientific style:

 

Chapter 8 discusses some general considerations with regard to semantic structure (W. Chafe, Meaning and Structure of Language). У розділі 8 висловлено деякі загальні думки стосовно семантичної структури.
Fig. 50 shows diagrammatically a single-phase induction wattmeter. На рис. 50 зображена схема одно-фазного індукційного ватметра. (Тут також відбувається заміна частин мови – прислівника “dia-grammatically” на іменник схема).

 

The given examples of replacing the English Subject by Ukrainian Adverbial modifier, is characteristic of translation of the newspaper-informational texts:

 

The careful reconstruction of the last years has unearthed many historic treasures (MS). У ході старанної реставрації, яка проводилась протягом останніх років, були знайдені численні історичні цінності.
Military operations carried out by them in some cases have involved whole divisions. У військових операціях, які проводились ними, іноді брали участь цілі дивізії.

 

It’s not rare when the Ukrainian adverbial modifier has the meaning of cause here:

 

The crash killed 106 people.

Внаслідок авіаційної катастрофи загинуло 106 осіб.

 

Surely this type of syntactical transformation is also “ reversible ”, i.e. in translating from Ukrainian into English the opposite process - replacing adverbial modifier by subject, followed by other replacements needed, takes place:

 

У його скринях лежало безліч незвичайного вбрання... (Горький. Дитинство). His trunks were full of many extraordinary costumes...
After dinner they talked long and quietly (S. Maugham. Before the Party). Після обіду між ними відбулася довга щира розмова.

 

Grammatical norm of Ukrainian fully allow maintaining the structure of the source sentence: Після обіду вони довго й щиро розмовляли, though the first variant is much more acceptable from the stylistic point of view.

 


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Читайте в этой же книге: Classes of Idioms | Semantic Change | Phrasal Verbs | Common English Phrases | The Importance of Analysis in Translation | Sociolinguistic Aspects of Slang | Individual Psychology of Slang | Practice the Vocabulary | Types of Proverbs and Their Translation | Translation on the Level of Text |
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