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Visible - видимий
Hidden - схований
junction ['dʒʌŋkʃən] - з’єднання
To be called - називатися
To cover - покривати
Vessel - судина
sensitive - чуттєвий
Undergo - зазнавати
To cause - викликати
decay - гноїння
Injury - ушкодження
occur - відбуватися, проявлятися
3. Read & translate the text:
STRUCTURE OF THE TEETH
Every tooth consists of a crown, a neck and one or more roots. The crown is the part visible in the mouth and the root is the part hidden inside the jaw. The junction of crown and the root is called the neck.
Enamel
This is the outer covering of the crown and the hardest substance in the body. It is insensitive to pain. Unlike most other body tissues it cannot undergo repair; thus any damage caused by decay or injury is permanent. The microscope shows that it consists of long solid rods, called enamel prisms, cemented together.
Cementum
This is the outer covering of the root and is similar in structure to bone. Cementum meets enamel at the neck of the tooth.
Dentine
This occupies the interior of the crown and root, and is very sensitive to pain.
Pulp
Unlike enamel, dentine and cementum, the pulp is soft tissue. It contains blood vessels and nerves, and occupies the centre of the dentine. The nerves of the pulp are responsible for pain felt when dentine is drilled or toothache occurs. The outermost layer of the pulp next to the dentine is lined with the special cells they run throughout the full thickness of dentine and, by their origin from the pulp, are associated with its repair processes and sensitivity to pain.
Supporting Structures
Every tooth is inserted into the jaw by its root. The part of the jaw containing the teeth is known as the alveolar process (альвеолярный отросток) and is covered with a soft tissue called gum. The jaw bones consist of an outer layer known as compact bone (компактное вещество). A tooth is attached to its socket in the jaw by a soft fibrous tissue called the periodontal membrane. This acts as a shock absorber and is attached to the cementum of the root and the compact bone lining the socket. The periodontal membrane contains nerves and blood vessels.
A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which (except for wisdom teeth) have erupted by about age 13:
• Incisors (8 total): The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws.
• Canines (4 total): The pointed teeth just outside the incisors.
• Premolars (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars.
• Molars (8 total): Flat teeth in the rear of the mouth, best at grinding food.
• Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth.
3. Answer the following questions:
4. Translate the sentences into English:
1. Коронка, шийка та корінь це частини зуба.
2. Ви можете бачити коронку у себе в роті.
3. Емаль найтвердіша речовина в тілі людини, чи не так?
4. Якщо ви ушкодили емаль, ви не зможете її відновити.
5. В пульпі багато кров’яних судин та нервів, тому вона дуже чутлива до болю.
6. Ви можете знайти дентин в середині коронки та кореня.
5. Say if these statements are true or false:
There can be one or more roots in the tooth.
2. Root can’t be seen in the mouth, it’s hidden in the jaw.
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