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The various speech sounds that we actually pronounce are called phonetic variants or allophones.
I/ Allophones are classified into: typical or principal and subsidiary. The typical variant of the phoneme is free from the influence of the neighbouring sounds and it is the most representative of all allophones.
For example, the English consonant [k] as pronounced in the word "kite" [kait] has all the characteristic features included in the phonetic definition and description of the phoneme [k], namely: it is backlingual, plosive, aspirated and voiceless. Therefore it is the principal variant of the English [k] phoneme. In the word "fact" [fækt] the sound [k] lacks two of the characteristic features of the principal variant of the English [k] phoneme. It is not plosive and aspirated. Therefore it is a non-plosive, non-aspirated subsidiary variant of the English [k] phoneme.
II/ Allophones can be positional and combinatory. Positional allophones are used in certain positions traditionally. For example, the English [1] phoneme is always "clear" in the initial position and "dark" in the terminal position(feel-lost). Combinatory allophones are those which appear as a result of the influence of the neighbouring speech sounds (assimilation, adaptation, accommodation), e.g. dental variants of the alveolar phonemes /t, d, s, z, 1, n/ are due to the influence of the following interdental sounds [θ], [ð]; the mid-open [e] becomes more open when followed by the dark [ł]: tell - hell - sell vs. bet - let - set
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| The aspects of a sound | | | Functions of segmental and suprasegmental phonetic units |