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The notion of articulatory basis. Its difference in English and Russian.

Phonetics as a branch of linguistics | The system of English consonants | Stability of articulation. | Articulatory differences between consonants and vowels | Modifications of vowels in speech | The physical properties of a sound and their articulatory correlations and acoustic qualities | Classification of articulation transitions from sound to sound | The aspects of a sound | The notion of allophone. Classification | Functions of segmental and suprasegmental phonetic units |


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The differences in the articulation of sounds in different languages are explained by the fact, that each language has it's own tendencies and most of articulation, which form the articulation basis of the language.

The articulation basis of the language is all the articulatory habits, characteristic of all the native speakers of the given language.

The main peculiarities of the English articulation basis are:

1) the tongue is broadened and flattened;

2) the tip is slightly hollowed out and slightly drawn back from the teeth;

3) the lips are neutral, they are deliberately neutralized and spread, the upper lip is tense.

English Russian  
Consonants    
Near the teeth reach, apical position of the tongue Tends to move to the upper front teeth, it's dorsal position Tip of the tongue
Tends to occupy more retraced, more flat and lower positions, than in the articulation of the Russian consonants <-- The bulk of the tongue
Voiceless consonants in final positions are strong, while voiced consonants are weak and partially devoiced, e.g. kept, bag Voiced consonants are impossible in final positions and voiceless consonants are weak (sonorants - exception) Voice/voiceless distinction
Vowels    
In the articulation of the similar English sounds the protrusion does not take place [o,o:,u,u;] The lips are deliberately protruded and rounded, especially [a,o] Lips
The tongue is slightly drawn back The tongue occupies mostly the front part of the mouth The place of the tongue
     
Although not very tense objectively, English vowels seem tense in comparison to Russian vowels, because in English an unstressed vowel does not always differ in quality from a stressed one, e.g. [ou]open, window In Russian an unstressed vowel is always short, lax and different in quality from the same vowel in a stressed syllable Tension
Vowels differ in length. There are historically long and short vowels. The length of vowels can differenciate words, e.g.bit - beat In Russian vowels differ in quality, but not in quantity. They may be pronounced in a longer way for purposes of emphasis, but the length of vowels doesn't differenciate words with different meanings Difference between vowels

 

 


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Modifications of consonants in speech| L.V. Scherba classifies the pronunciation errors as phonological and phonetic.

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