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По лекции
1. Frequency. It is the number of vibrations per second and perception of these frequently repeated actions on the eardrum.
The similar phonetic characteristic is pitch
2. Intensity. It is produced by the amplitude of vibrations and perceived as variations in the loudness of the sound.
Loudness is a phonetic characteristic
3. Sound quality. It is achieved by varying the shape and the size of the cavities (pharyngeal, nasal and mouth), each of which functions as a resonator.
Timbre – phonetic characteristic
4. Quantity. It is the amount of the time during which the same vibratory movement is held.
Duration or length is a phonetic characteristic
По инэту
Frequency-in acoustics the measure of how many times per second a pattern of vibration is repeated. It corresponds to the fundamental frequency of a periodic sound. It is the lowest frequency that can be found in the periodic waveform. In speech, this is almost also the frequency of the vibration of the vocal cords.
Intensity-the amount of acoustic energy in a sound. Often used informally as a synonymous with amplitude to which it is closely related.
Loudness – the auditory property of a sound which enables the listener to place it on a scale going from soft to loud without considering the acoustic properties such as the intensity of a sound.
A sound spectrum is a representation of a sound – usually a short sample of a sound – in terms of the amount of vibrations at each individual frequency. It is usually presented as a graph of either power of pressure as a function of frequency. The power of pressure is usually measured in decibels and a frequency is measured in vibrations per second (or hertz). So sound spectrum is amount of frequency plus this amount of frequency etc until you have put together the whole complicated sound.
Pause- a time interval during which there is a temporary cessation of something(temporary inactivity)
The spectrum of speech sounds contains formants, which are stable groups of frequency components corresponding to certain phonetic elements. The energy parameter of sound vibrations id sound intensity, the subjective parameter, which is associated with the intensity, is loudness, which is dependent on frequency.
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| L.V. Scherba classifies the pronunciation errors as phonological and phonetic. | | | Classification of articulation transitions from sound to sound |